Long-term analgesic effects of inescapable shock and learned helplessness

Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 206 (4414) ◽  
pp. 91-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jackson ◽  
S. Maier ◽  
D. Coon
Keyword(s):  
Inescapable Shock ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Analgesic Effects

Electrical stimulation of referred sensation area alleviates phantom limb pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michihiro Osumi ◽  
Daisuke Shimizu ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
Shu Morioka
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Phantom Limb Pain ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Limb Pain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Patients with brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) usually experience phantom sensations and phantom limb pain (PLP) in the deafferented limb. It has been suggested that evoking the sensation of touch in the deafferented limb by stimulating referred sensation areas (RSAs) on the cheek or shoulder might alleviate PLP. However, feasible rehabilitation techniques using this approach have not been reported. Objective: The present study sought to examine the analgesic effects of simple electrical stimulation of RSAs in BPA patients with PLP. Methods: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs for 60 minutes was conducted for six BPA patients suffering from PLP to examine short-term analgesic effects. Study 2: A single case design experiment was conducted with two BPA patients to investigate whether electrical stimulation of RSAs was more effective for alleviating PLP than control electrical stimulation (electrical stimulation of sites on side opposite to the RSAs), and to elucidate the long-term effects of electrical stimulation of RSAs. Results: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs evoked phantom touch sensations in the deafferented limb, and significantly alleviated PLP (p <  0.05). Study 2: PLP was alleviated more after electrical stimulation on RSAs compared with control electrical stimulation (p <  0.05). However, the analgesic effects of electrical stimulation on RSAs were observed only in the short term, not in the long term (p >  0.05). Conclusions: Electrical stimulation of RSAs not only evoked phantom touch sensation but also alleviated PLP in the short term. The results indicate that electrical stimulation of RSAs may provide a useful practical rehabilitation technique for PLP. Future studies will be required to clarify the mechanisms underlying immediate PLP alleviation via electrical stimulation of RSAs.

Can the use of physical modalities for pain control be rationalized by the research evidence?

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Elaine Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Power Laser ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Physical Modalities

Physical modalities, including cold and heat, are widely used in the conservative management of pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders. This review has critically appraised the literature supporting the use of these modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. It was concluded that, apart from a few exceptions and in a few types of disorders, existing evidence does not support the use of these modalities in long-term pain control. There was, however, evidence that several modalities, specifically cold and a form of deep heat (shortwave diathermy), do have short-lived analgesic effects and so may contribute to more painfree function in the short term. Further research is clearly warranted to define the short- and long-term therapeutic efficacy of physical modalities in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain to justify their continued use in clinical practice.Key words: pain control, cold, heat, ultrasound, low-power laser.

scholarly journals Applicability of a Modified Rat Model of Acute Arthritis for Long-Term Testing of Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imke Rudnik-Jansen ◽  
Nina Woike ◽  
Suzanne de Jong ◽  
Sabine Versteeg ◽  
Marja Kik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Pain Behavior ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Arthritis Model ◽  
Acute Arthritis ◽  
Analgesic Effects

Episodes of inflammation and pain are predominant features of arthritic joint diseases. Drug delivery systems (DDS) could reduce inflammation and pain long-term without chances of infection upon multiple injections. To allow for long-term evaluation of DDS, we modified a previously published acute arthritis model by extending follow-up periods between flare-ups. Unilateral synovial inflammation of the knee was induced by intra-articular injection of streptococcal cell wall peptidoglycan polysaccharide (PGPS), and flare-ups were induced by intravenous PGPS injections every 4 weeks for a total duration of 84 days. In PGPS-reactivated animals, joint swelling, pain behavior, post mortem synovitis, and osteophyte formation were notable features. Hepatitis, splenitis and inflammation of non-primed joints were observed as systemic side effects. To test the applicability of the modified arthritis model for long-term testing of DDS, the duration of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of a corticosteroid released from two different polymer-based platforms was evaluated. The current modified arthritis model has good applicability for testing of DDS for a prolonged period of time. Furthermore, the novel autoregulatory polyesteramide (PEA) microsphere platform releasing triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) was benchmarked against poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and reduced joint swelling and pain behavior more potently compared to TAA-loaded PLGA microspheres.

Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of OROS® hydromorphone in patients with chronic pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wallace, MD ◽  
Dwight E. Moulin, MD ◽  
Richard L. Rauck, MD ◽  
Sarita Khanna, PhD ◽  
Iulia Cristina Tudor, PhD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
N 93

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of long-term repeated dosing of OROS® hydromorphone in chronic pain patients.Design: This multicenter, open-label extension trial enrolled patients from three short-term OROS® hydromorphone trials.Setting: Fifty-six centers in the United States and Canada.Patients: Adults with chronic cancer pain or chronic nonmalignant pain who were receiving stable doses of OROS® hydromorphone (≥8 mg/day). Three hundred and eighty-eight patients were enrolled, 106 patients completed at least 12 months of therapy.Interventions: OROS® hydromorphone (individualized doses) was administered once daily.Main outcome measures: Safety and efficacy (Brief Pain Inventory and patient and investigator global evaluations) were assessed at monthly visits.Results: The median duration of extended OROS® hydromorphone therapy was 274 days. The median daily dose of study medication was 32.0 mg at extension-study baseline, 40.0 mg at month 3, and 48.0 mg at months 6, 9, and 12, respectively. The most frequently reported adverse events were nausea (n = 93, 24.0 percent) and constipation (n = 75, 19.3 percent). The analgesic effects of OROS® hydromorphone, assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory, were maintained throughout the extension. At 12 months, 72.4 percent of patients and 75.9 percent of investigators rated overall treatment as good, very good, or excellent.Conclusions: Once-daily OROS® hydromorphone is an osmotically driven, controlled-release preparation that may be particularly well suited to long-term use, because it provides consistent plasma concentrations and sustained around-the-clock analgesia. In this study, the benefits of OROS® hydromorphone attained in short-term studies were maintained in the long-term when daily administration was continued.

scholarly journals Neural Plasticity Associated with Hippocampal PKA-CREB and NMDA Signaling Is Involved in the Antidepressant Effect of Repeated Low Dose of Yueju Pill on Chronic Mouse Model of Learned Helplessness

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhilu Zou ◽  
Yin Chen ◽  
Qinqin Shen ◽  
Xiaoyan Guo ◽  
Yuxuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Camp Response Element Binding ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Long Term Depression

Yueju pill is a traditional Chinese medicine formulated to treat syndromes of mood disorders. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of repeated low dose of Yueju in the animal model mimicking clinical long-term depression condition and the role of neural plasticity associated with PKA- (protein kinase A-) CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) signaling. We showed that a single low dose of Yueju demonstrated antidepressant effects in tests of tail suspension, forced swim, and novelty-suppressed feeding. A chronic learned helplessness (LH) protocol resulted in a long-term depressive-like condition. Repeated administration of Yueju following chronic LH remarkably alleviated all of depressive-like symptoms measured, whereas conventional antidepressant fluoxetine only showed a minor improvement. In the hippocampus, Yueju and fluoxetine both normalized brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and PKA level. Only Yueju, not fluoxetine, rescued the deficits in CREB signaling. The chronic LH upregulated the expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B, which were all attenuated by Yueju. Furthermore, intracerebraventricular administration of NMDA blunted the antidepressant effect of Yueju. These findings supported the antidepressant efficacy of repeated routine low dose of Yueju in a long-term depression model and the critical role of CREB and NMDA signaling.

Aggression during Learned-Helplessness Pretraining as a Coping Response

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-485
Author(s):  
Michael J. Follick
Keyword(s):  
Inescapable Shock ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Coping Response ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Escapable Shock ◽  
Helplessness Hypothesis

This study examined the effects of the opportunity to aggress during pretraining for learned helplessness. While rats individually given inescapable shock showed deficits in subsequent chain-pull escape, the performance of rats given inescapable shock in pairs did not differ from that of animals exposed to escapable shock or no shock. These results are interpreted as contrary to the prediction of the learned-helplessness hypothesis and are consistent with the notion that shock-induced aggression serves an adaptive function.

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