Uniform ripening Encodes a Golden 2-like Transcription Factor Regulating Tomato Fruit Chloroplast Development

Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 336 (6089) ◽  
pp. 1711-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann L. T. Powell ◽  
Cuong V. Nguyen ◽  
Theresa Hill ◽  
KaLai Lam Cheng ◽  
Rosa Figueroa-Balderas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Chlorophyll Accumulation ◽  
Fruit Photosynthesis ◽  
Photosynthesis Gene ◽  
Light Green ◽  
Selection Of

Modern tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) varieties are bred for uniform ripening (u) light green fruit phenotypes to facilitate harvests of evenly ripened fruit. U encodes a Golden 2-like (GLK) transcription factor, SlGLK2, which determines chlorophyll accumulation and distribution in developing fruit. In tomato, two GLKs—SlGLK1 and SlGLK2—are expressed in leaves, but only SlGLK2 is expressed in fruit. Expressing GLKs increased the chlorophyll content of fruit, whereas SlGLK2 suppression recapitulated the u mutant phenotype. GLK overexpression enhanced fruit photosynthesis gene expression and chloroplast development, leading to elevated carbohydrates and carotenoids in ripe fruit. SlGLK2 influences photosynthesis in developing fruit, contributing to mature fruit characteristics and suggesting that selection of u inadvertently compromised ripe fruit quality in exchange for desirable production traits.

Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Bennett ◽  
Arthur A. Schaffer ◽  
Ilan Levin ◽  
Marina Petreikov ◽  
Adi Doron-Faigenboim
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Functional Alleles ◽  
Sugar Levels

The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs. 

BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN4 regulates chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast development, and cell wall metabolism in tomato fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 5549-5561
Author(s):  
Fang Yan ◽  
Yushuo Gao ◽  
Xiaoqin Pang ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
Ning Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Magnesium Chelatase ◽  
Chlorophyll Accumulation ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a model plant for studying fruit development and ripening. In this study, we found that down-regulation of a tomato bell-like homeodomain 4 (SlBL4) resulted in a slightly darker-green fruit phenotype and increased accumulation of starch, fructose, and glucose. Analysis of chlorophyll content and TEM observations was consistent with these phenotypes, indicating that SlBL4 was involved in chlorophyll accumulation and chloroplast formation. Ripened fruit of SlBL4-RNAi plants had noticeably decreased firmness, larger intercellular spaces, and thinner cell walls than the wild-type. RNA-seq identified differentially expressed genes involved in chlorophyll metabolism, chloroplast development, cell wall metabolism, and carotenoid metabolism. ChIP-seq identified (G/A) GCCCA (A/T/C) and (C/A/T) (C/A/T) AAAAA (G/A/T) (G/A) motifs. SlBL4 directly inhibited the expression of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (SlPPO), magnesium chelatase H subunit (SlCHLD), pectinesterase (SlPE), protochlorophyllide reductase (SlPOR), chlorophyll a/b binding protein 3B (SlCAB-3B), and homeobox protein knotted 2 (TKN2). In contrast, it positively regulated the expression of squamosa promoter binding protein-like colorless non-ripening (LeSPL-CNR). Our results indicate that SlBL4 is involved in chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast development, cell wall metabolism, and the accumulation of carotenoids during tomato fruit ripening, and provide new insights for the transcriptional regulation mechanism of BELL-mediated fruit growth and ripening.

scholarly journals GENOTYPE × LOCATION INTERACTIONS IN BLUEBERRY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 657f-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gupton ◽  
J. Clark ◽  
D. Creech ◽  
A. Powell ◽  
S. Rooks
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Julian Date ◽  
Fruit Quality Traits ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Selection Of

Rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and southern highbush (mostly V. corymbosum L.) type blueberry selections were evaluated in regional trials at five locations. Entry × location interactions (E × L) were significant for all traits in the rabbiteye type and all except plant productivity, plant volume, Julian date of 50% ripe fruit, and berry weight at harvest 3 in the southern highbush type. Despite the significant interactions, selection FL80-11 and `Gulfcoast' were the earliest flowering rabbiteye and southern highbush entry, respectively, at each location. Significant E × L for plant volume and yield suggests that adaptation to the local environment is important in the selection of potential cultivars. Fruit quality traits appear less affected by environment than fruit production traits for the entries tested.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Pink Tomatoes: Deregulated Expression of the Gene Encoding Transcription Factor SlMYB12 Leads to Pink Tomato Fruit Color

2009 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana-Rosa Ballester ◽  
Jos Molthoff ◽  
Ric de Vos ◽  
Bas te Lintel Hekkert ◽  
Diego Orzaez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Gene Encoding

scholarly journals Physical Characteristics of Mature Green and Ripe Tomato Fruit Tissue of Normal and Firm Genotypes

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Fruit Tissue ◽  
Relaxation Analysis ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Mutant Lines

Tissue firmness of ripe tomatoes is controlled by cell wall integrity of the fruit tissue and by the enzymatic softening that normally occurs during ripening. This study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics of cells and tissues of mature green (MG) and ripe fruit that might account for differences in firmness between `Rutgers' (normal), `Flora-Dade' (Firm), and two mutant lines called high-pigment (T4065 hp) and dark-green (T4099 dg), both of which possess extra firm fruit. Fruit samples were tested for resistance to a force applied to whole fruit and to sections of the pericarp tissue and by stress-relaxation analysis. Determinations were also made of cell density and cell wall content within the pericarp tissue. Fruit of mutant lines had firmer tissue than either `Rutgers' or `Flora-Dade' at MG or ripe. Whole fruit compression measurements showed that T4099 dg was firmer than T4065 hp or `Rutgers' at MG and firmer than `Flora-Dade' and `Rutgers' when ripe. Whole fruit of `Flora-Dade' were significantly firmer than `Rutgers' at MG and ripe. Firmness measured by compressive strength also showed that mutant lines had firmer pericarp tissue than the wild types at both MG and ripe stages. Stress-relaxation analysis showed that MG fruit of T4099 dg had greater tissue elasticity than `Rutgers' or `Flora-Dade'. Ripe fruit of both mutant lines had more tissue elasticity than wild types. There were no apparent differences among the genotypes due to tissue relaxation. From these analyses, tissue elasticity appears to be a significant parameter in determining tissue firmness in the tomato genotypes used in this study. Firmness and textural quality of ripe tomatoes appeared to be dependent on elasticity of the pericarp tissue and on the level of enzymatic softening during ripening.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to: Re-evaluation of the nor mutation and the role of the NAC-NOR transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 3759-3759
Author(s):  
Ying Gao ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Zhongqi Fan ◽  
Xiaodan Zhao ◽  
Yiping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

Unraveling the target genes of RIN transcription factor during tomato fruit ripening and softening

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Li ◽  
Xiaoguang Wang ◽  
Xinhua Zhang ◽  
Mei Guo ◽  
Tieling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

scholarly journals Sweet Sorghum Originated through Selection of Dry, a Plant-Specific NAC Transcription Factor Gene

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2286-2307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Min Zhang ◽  
Chuan-Yuan Leng ◽  
Hong Luo ◽  
Xiao-Yuan Wu ◽  
Zhi-Quan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Nac Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factor Gene ◽  
Factor Gene ◽  
Selection Of

On the Occurrence and Structure of Subunits of Endopolygalacturonase Isoforms in Mature-Green and Ripening Tomato Fruits

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Pogson ◽  
CJ Brady ◽  
GR Orr
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Cation Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
The One ◽  
Polygalacturonase Activity

Endopolygalacturonase [poly(1,4-α-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.151 occurs in tomato fruit in three molecular forms- PG1, PG2A, PG2B. Trace amounts of PG1, 1-10 pkat g-1 are shown to occur in mature-green fruit as compared to 17 nkat in ripe fruit. As polygalacturonase activity increases through ripening, the percentage of the activity due to PG1 decreases progressively from 100 to less than 20. On fully or partly demethylated substrates, PG1 is more active than PG2 when the ionic strength is that expected in the tissue apoplast. A method for purifying PGI from ripe fruit is described. PG1 preparations contain polypeptides of Mr 45, 43 and 38 thousand. The Mr 43 thousand and 45 thousand components correspond in size to PG2A and PG2B and are detected by antisera raised against PG2A. The M, 38 thousand polypeptide is immunologically distinct. From carbohydrate and amino acid analyses, this polypeptide appears to contain 2870 carbohydrate as glucosamine, mannose, xylose and fucose attached to a polypeptide of estimated Mr 28 342 that is rich in tyrosine and glycine. A method for purifying the subunits of PG1 by cation exchange chromatography in 6 M urea is described. PG2A and PG2B were separated by column chromatography and shown to have identical N-terminal sequences, and serine at the C-terminus. PG2A and PG2B are confirmed as two glycoforms of the one polypeptide. The possibility that PGl consists of populations of molecules containing either PG2A or PG2B coupled with the Mr 38 thousand polypeptide is discussed.

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