Phage-Mediated Intergeneric Transfer of Toxin Genes

Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 323 (5910) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chen ◽  
R. P. Novick
Keyword(s):  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Intergeneric Transfer

scholarly journals Identification of Novel Toxin Genes from the Stinging Nettle Caterpillar Parasa lepida (Cramer, 1799): Insights into the Evolution of Lepidoptera Toxins

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Natrada Mitpuangchon ◽  
Kwan Nualcharoen ◽  
Singtoe Boonrotpong ◽  
Patamarerk Engsontia
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Cone Snail ◽  
Stinging Nettle ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Nettle Caterpillar

Many animal species can produce venom for defense, predation, and competition. The venom usually contains diverse peptide and protein toxins, including neurotoxins, proteolytic enzymes, protease inhibitors, and allergens. Some drugs for cancer, neurological disorders, and analgesics were developed based on animal toxin structures and functions. Several caterpillar species possess venoms that cause varying effects on humans both locally and systemically. However, toxins from only a few species have been investigated, limiting the full understanding of the Lepidoptera toxin diversity and evolution. We used the RNA-seq technique to identify toxin genes from the stinging nettle caterpillar, Parasa lepida (Cramer, 1799). We constructed a transcriptome from caterpillar urticating hairs and reported 34,968 unique transcripts. Using our toxin gene annotation pipeline, we identified 168 candidate toxin genes, including protease inhibitors, proteolytic enzymes, and allergens. The 21 P. lepida novel Knottin-like peptides, which do not show sequence similarity to any known peptide, have predicted 3D structures similar to tarantula, scorpion, and cone snail neurotoxins. We highlighted the importance of convergent evolution in the Lepidoptera toxin evolution and the possible mechanisms. This study opens a new path to understanding the hidden diversity of Lepidoptera toxins, which could be a fruitful source for developing new drugs.

scholarly journals Shiga toxin genes (stx) in Norwegian sheep herds

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. URDAHL ◽  
O. ALVSEIKE ◽  
E. SKJERVE ◽  
Y. WASTESON
Keyword(s):  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Shiga Toxin Genes

scholarly journals Shiga Toxins, and the Genes Encoding Them, in Fecal Samples from Native Idaho Ungulates

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 862-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Gilbreath ◽  
Malcolm S. Shields ◽  
Rebekah L. Smith ◽  
Larry D. Farrell ◽  
Peter P. Sheridan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Shiga Toxin Genes

ABSTRACT Cattle are a known reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. The prevalence and stability of Shiga toxin and/or Shiga toxin genes among native wild ungulates in Idaho were investigated. The frequency of both Shiga genes and toxin was similar to that reported for Idaho cattle (∼19%).

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert C. difficile/Epiand Meridian Bioscienceillumigene C. difficile Assays for Detecting Clostridium difficile Ribotype 033 Strains

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 973-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace O. Androga ◽  
Alan M. McGovern ◽  
Briony Elliott ◽  
Barbara J. Chang ◽  
Timothy T. Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Production Animals

Clostridium difficilePCR ribotype 033 (RT033) is found in the gastrointestinal tracts of production animals and, occasionally, humans. TheillumigeneC. difficileassay (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.) failed to detect any of 52C. difficileRT033 isolates, while all strains signaled positive for the binary toxin genes but were reported as negative forC. difficileby the XpertC. difficile/Epiassay (Cepheid).

scholarly journals Frequency of Binary Toxin Genes among Clostridium difficile Strains That Do Not Produce Large Clostridial Toxins

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 5227-5232 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Geric ◽  
S. Johnson ◽  
D. N. Gerding ◽  
M. Grabnar ◽  
M. Rupnik
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Binary Toxin ◽  
Toxin Genes

Molecular Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Blood on the Basis of Coagulase Gene Polymorphism and Toxin Genes

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Kyun Kim ◽  
Jae-Seok Kim ◽  
Han-Sung Kim ◽  
Wonkeun Song ◽  
Hyoun Chan Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Toxin Genes
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