scholarly journals Daily rewiring of a neural circuit generates a predictive model of environmental light

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. eabe4284
Author(s):  
Bryan J. Song ◽  
Slater J. Sharp ◽  
Dragana Rogulja
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
State Switching ◽  
Environmental Light ◽  
Behavioral Responsiveness ◽  
Acute Increase

Behavioral responsiveness to external stimulation is shaped by context. We studied how sensory information can be contextualized, by examining light-evoked locomotor responsiveness ofDrosophilarelative to time of day. We found that light elicits an acute increase in locomotion (startle) that is modulated in a time-of-day–dependent manner: Startle is potentiated during the nighttime, when light is unexpected, but is suppressed during the daytime. The internal daytime-nighttime context is generated by two interconnected and functionally opposing populations of circadian neurons—LNvs generating the daytime state and DN1as generating the nighttime state. Switching between the two states requires daily remodeling of LNv and DN1a axons such that the maximum presynaptic area in one population coincides with the minimum in the other. We propose that a dynamic model of environmental light resides in the shifting connectivities of the LNv-DN1a circuit, which helps animals evaluate ongoing conditions and choose a behavioral response.

scholarly journals Daily rewiring of a neural circuit generates a predictive model of environmental light

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan J. Song ◽  
Slater J. Sharp ◽  
Dragana Rogulja
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Reference Models ◽  
Environmental Light ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Abrupt Shifts

Ongoing sensations are compared to internal, experience-based, reference models; mismatch between reality and expectation can signal opportunity or danger, and can shape behavior. The nature of internal reference models is largely unknown. We describe a model that enables moment-to-moment luminance evaluation in flies. Abrupt shifts to lighting conditions inconsistent with the subjective time-of-day trigger locomotion, whereas shifts to appropriate conditions induce quiescence. The time-of-day prediction is generated by a slowly shifting activity balance between opposing neuronal populations, LNvs and DN1as. The two populations undergo structural changes in axon length that accord with, and are required for, conveying time-of-day information. Each day, in each population, the circadian clock directs cellular remodeling such that the maximum axonal length in one population coincides with the minimum in the other; preventing remodeling prevents transitioning between opposing internal states. We propose that a dynamic predictive model resides in the shifting connectivities of the LNv- DN1a circuit.

Visual and Tactile Information About Object-Curvature Control Fingertip Forces and Grasp Kinematics in Human Dexterous Manipulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 2984-2997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Jenmalm ◽  
Seth Dahlstedt ◽  
Roland S. Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tactile Sensibility ◽  
Grasp Stability

Most objects that we manipulate have curved surfaces. We have analyzed how subjects during a prototypical manipulatory task use visual and tactile sensory information for adapting fingertip actions to changes in object curvature. Subjects grasped an elongated object at one end using a precision grip and lifted it while instructed to keep it level. The principal load of the grasp was tangential torque due to the location of the center of mass of the object in relation to the horizontal grip axis joining the centers of the opposing grasp surfaces. The curvature strongly influenced the grip forces required to prevent rotational slips. Likewise the curvature influenced the rotational yield of the grasp that developed under the tangential torque load due to the viscoelastic properties of the fingertip pulps. Subjects scaled the grip forces parametrically with object curvature for grasp stability. Moreover in a curvature-dependent manner, subjects twisted the grasp around the grip axis by a radial flexion of the wrist to keep the desired object orientation despite the rotational yield. To adapt these fingertip actions to object curvature, subjects could use both vision and tactile sensibility integrated with predictive control. During combined blindfolding and digital anesthesia, however, the motor output failed to predict the consequences of the prevailing curvature. Subjects used vision to identify the curvature for efficient feedforward retrieval of grip force requirements before executing the motor commands. Digital anesthesia caused little impairment of grip force control when subjects had vision available, but the adaptation of the twist became delayed. Visual cues about the form of the grasp surface obtained before contact was used to scale the grip force, whereas the scaling of the twist depended on visual cues related to object movement. Thus subjects apparently relied on different visuomotor mechanisms for adaptation of grip force and grasp kinematics. In contrast, blindfolded subjects used tactile cues about the prevailing curvature obtained after contact with the object for feedforward adaptation of both grip force and twist. We conclude that humans use both vision and tactile sensibility for feedforward parametric adaptation of grip forces and grasp kinematics to object curvature. Normal control of the twist action, however, requires digital afferent input, and different visuomotor mechanisms support the control of the grasp twist and the grip force. This differential use of vision may have a bearing to the two-stream model of human visual processing.

scholarly journals Integrating the Roles of Midbrain Dopamine Circuits in Behavior and Neuropsychiatric Disease

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Allen PF Chen ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Thomas A. Kim ◽  
Qiaojie Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Selective Vulnerability ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Systems Neuroscience ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Midbrain Dopamine ◽  
Dopamine Circuits

Dopamine (DA) is a behaviorally and clinically diverse neuromodulator that controls CNS function. DA plays major roles in many behaviors including locomotion, learning, habit formation, perception, and memory processing. Reflecting this, DA dysregulation produces a wide variety of cognitive symptoms seen in neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia, addiction, and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review recent advances in the DA systems neuroscience field and explore the advancing hypothesis that DA’s behavioral function is linked to disease deficits in a neural circuit-dependent manner. We survey different brain areas including the basal ganglia’s dorsomedial/dorsolateral striatum, the ventral striatum, the auditory striatum, and the hippocampus in rodent models. Each of these regions have different reported functions and, correspondingly, DA’s reflecting role in each of these regions also has support for being different. We then focus on DA dysregulation states in Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and Alzheimer’s Disease, emphasizing how these afflictions are linked to different DA pathways. We draw upon ideas such as selective vulnerability and region-dependent physiology. These bodies of work suggest that different channels of DA may be dysregulated in different sets of disease. While these are great advances, the fine and definitive segregation of such pathways in behavior and disease remains to be seen. Future studies will be required to define DA’s necessity and contribution to the functional plasticity of different striatal regions.

scholarly journals Effects of Propentofylline on Hypoxia—Hypoglycemia-Induced Calcium Accumulation in Gerbil Hippocampal Slices

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumito Kadoya ◽  
Akira Mitani ◽  
Tatsuru Arai ◽  
Kiyoshi Kataoka
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Calcium Accumulation ◽  
Xanthine Derivative ◽  
Acute Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

The xanthine derivative propentofylline (HWA 285) has been reported to show protective effects against neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia. In the present study, microfluorometry was used to investigate the effect of propentofylline on the hypoxia–hypoglycemia-induced intracellular calcium accumulation in gerbil hippocampal slices. When slices were superfused with hypoxic–hypoglycemic medium that did not contain propentofylline, an acute increase in calcium accumulation was detected 75–200 s (mean latency of 123 s) after the beginning of hypoxia–hypoglycemia. When slices were superfused with hypoxic–hypoglycemic mediums that contained 10 μ M, 100 μ M, and 1 m M propentofylline, the latency of the acute increase in calcium accumulation was prolonged in all subregions of the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner: mean latencies in field CA1 were 146, 168, and 197 s after hypoxia–hypoglycemia, respectively. This retardation in calcium accumulation may be involved in the mechanisms by which propentofylline diminishes ischemic injury.

scholarly journals Different Brain Network Activations Induced by Modulation and Nonmodulation Laser Acupuncture

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Wei Hsieh ◽  
Jih-Huah Wu ◽  
Chao-Hsien Hsieh ◽  
Qwa-Fun Wang ◽  
Jyh-Horng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Laser Acupuncture ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Left Frontal Lobe ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation

The aim of this study is to compare the distinct cerebral activation with continued wave (CW) and 10 Hz-modulated wave (MW) stimulation during low-level laser acupuncture. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were performed to investigate the possible mechanism during laser acupuncture stimulation at the left foot's yongquan (K1) acupoint. There are 12 healthy right-handed volunteers for each type of laser stimulation (10-Hz-Modulated wave: 8 males and 4 females; continued wave: 9 males and 3 females). The analysis of multisubjects in this experiment was applied by random-effect (RFX) analysis. In CW groups, significant activations were found within the inferior parietal lobule, the primary somatosensory cortex, and the precuneus of left parietal lobe. Medial and superior frontal gyrus of left frontal lobe were also aroused. In MW groups, significant activations were found within the primary motor cortex and middle temporal gyrus of left hemisphere and bilateral cuneus. Placebo stimulation did not show any activation. Most activation areas were involved in the functions of memory, attention, and self-consciousness. The results showed the cerebral hemodynamic responses of two laser acupuncture stimulation modes and implied that its mechanism was not only based upon afferent sensory information processing, but that it also had the hemodynamic property altered during external stimulation.

scholarly journals Neural and genetic degeneracy underlies Caenorhabditis elegans feeding behavior

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas F. Trojanowski ◽  
Olivia Padovan-Merhar ◽  
David M. Raizen ◽  
Christopher Fang-Yen
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Excitatory Pathways ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Pharyngeal Pumping ◽  
Robust Network

Degenerate networks, in which structurally distinct elements can perform the same function or yield the same output, are ubiquitous in biology. Degeneracy contributes to the robustness and adaptability of networks in varied environmental and evolutionary contexts. However, how degenerate neural networks regulate behavior in vivo is poorly understood, especially at the genetic level. Here, we identify degenerate neural and genetic mechanisms that underlie excitation of the pharynx (feeding organ) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using cell-specific optogenetic excitation and inhibition. We show that the pharyngeal neurons MC, M2, M4, and I1 form multiple direct and indirect excitatory pathways in a robust network for control of pharyngeal pumping. I1 excites pumping via MC and M2 in a state-dependent manner. We identify nicotinic and muscarinic receptors through which the pharyngeal network regulates feeding rate. These results identify two different mechanisms by which degeneracy is manifest in a neural circuit in vivo.

scholarly journals Prominent Inhibitory Projections Guide Sensorimotor Computation: An Invertebrate Perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Hughes ◽  
Tansu Celikel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Circuit Complexity ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Gating Mechanism ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Sensorimotor Representations

From single-cell organisms to complex neural networks, all evolved to provide control solutions to generate context and goal-specific actions. Neural circuits performing sensorimotor computation to drive navigation employ inhibitory control as a gating mechanism, as they hierarchically transform (multi)sensory information into motor actions. Here, we focus on this literature to critically discuss the proposition that prominent inhibitory projections form sensorimotor circuits. After reviewing the neural circuits of navigation across various invertebrate species, we argue that with increased neural circuit complexity and the emergence of parallel computations inhibitory circuits acquire new functions. The contribution of inhibitory neurotransmission for navigation goes beyond shaping the communication that drives motor neurons, instead, include encoding of emergent sensorimotor representations. A mechanistic understanding of the neural circuits performing sensorimotor computations in invertebrates will unravel the minimum circuit requirements driving adaptive navigation.

scholarly journals Loss of endothelin B receptor function impairs sodium excretion in a time- and sex-dependent manner

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (5) ◽  
pp. F991-F998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jermaine G. Johnston ◽  
Joshua S. Speed ◽  
Chunhua Jin ◽  
David M. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Endothelin B Receptor ◽  
Salt Load ◽  
Endothelin B ◽  
Nacl Load

Recent studies suggested a direct link between circadian rhythms and regulation of sodium excretion. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) regulates sodium balance by promoting natriuresis through the endothelin B receptor (ETB) in response to increased salt in the diet, but the effect that the time of day has on this natriuretic response is not known. Therefore, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that ETB receptor activation contributes to the diurnal control of sodium excretion and that sex differences contribute to this control as well. Twelve-hour urine collections were used to measure sodium excretion. On day 3 of the experiment, a NaCl load (900 μeq) was given by oral gavage either at Zeitgeber time [ZT] 0 (inactive period) or ZT12 (active period) to examine the natriuretic response to the acute salt load. Male and female ETB-deficient (ETB def) rats showed an impaired natriuretic response to a salt load at ZT0 compared with their respective transgenic controls (Tg cont). Male ETB def rats showed a delayed natriuretic response to a salt load given at ZT12 compared with male Tg cont, a contrast to the prompt response shown by female ETB def rats. Treatment with ABT-627, an ETA receptor antagonist, improved the natriuretic response seen within the first 12 h of a ZT0 salt load in both sexes. These findings demonstrate that diurnal excretion of an acute salt load 1) requires ET-1 and the ETB receptor, 2) is more evident in male vs. female rats, and 3) is opposed by the ETA receptor.

scholarly journals Hallucinations on demand: the utility of experimentally induced phenomena in hallucination research

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1817) ◽  
pp. 20200233
Author(s):  
Sebastian Rogers ◽  
Rebecca Keogh ◽  
Joel Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Visual Phenomena ◽  
Laboratory Models ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Despite the desire to delve deeper into hallucinations of all types, methodological obstacles have frustrated development of more rigorous quantitative experimental techniques, thereby hampering research progress. Here, we discuss these obstacles and, with reference to visual phenomena, argue that experimentally induced phenomena (e.g. hallucinations induced by flickering light and classical conditioning) can bring hallucinations within reach of more objective behavioural and neural measurement. Expanding the scope of hallucination research raises questions about which phenomena qualify as hallucinations, and how to identify phenomena suitable for use as laboratory models of hallucination. Due to the ambiguity inherent in current hallucination definitions, we suggest that the utility of phenomena for use as laboratory hallucination models should be represented on a continuous spectrum, where suitability varies with the degree to which external sensory information constrains conscious experience. We suggest that existing strategies that group pathological hallucinations into meaningful subtypes based on hallucination characteristics (including phenomenology, disorder and neural activity) can guide extrapolation from hallucination models to other hallucinatory phenomena. Using a spectrum of phenomena to guide scientific hallucination research should help unite the historically separate fields of psychophysics, cognitive neuroscience and clinical research to better understand and treat hallucinations, and inform models of consciousness. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.

scholarly journals Hypoxia induces a time- and tissue-specific response that elicits intertissue circadian clock misalignment

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 779-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gal Manella ◽  
Rona Aviram ◽  
Nityanand Bolshette ◽  
Sapir Muvkadi ◽  
Marina Golik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Circadian Misalignment ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

The occurrence and sequelae of disorders that lead to hypoxic spells such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) exhibit daily variance. This prompted us to examine the interaction between the hypoxic response and the circadian clock in vivo. We found that the global transcriptional response to acute hypoxia is tissue-specific and time-of-day–dependent. In particular, clock components differentially responded at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level, and these responses depended on an intact circadian clock. Importantly, exposure to hypoxia phase-shifted clocks in a tissue-dependent manner led to intertissue circadian clock misalignment. This differential response relied on the intrinsic properties of each tissue and could be recapitulated ex vivo. Notably, circadian misalignment was also elicited by intermittent hypoxia, a widely used model for OSA. Given that phase coherence between circadian clocks is considered favorable, we propose that hypoxia leads to circadian misalignment, contributing to the pathophysiology of OSA and potentially other diseases that involve hypoxia.

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