scholarly journals Dynamic thermal trapping enables cross-species smart nanoparticle swarms

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eabe3184
Author(s):  
Tongtao Li ◽  
Kwok Hoe Chan ◽  
Tianpeng Ding ◽  
Xiao-Qiao Wang ◽  
Yin Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Magnetic Response ◽  
Trapping Process

Bioinspired nano/microswarm enables fascinating collective controllability beyond the abilities of the constituent individuals, yet almost invariably, the composed units are of single species. Advancing such swarm technologies poses a grand challenge in synchronous mass manipulation of multimaterials that hold different physiochemical identities. Here, we present a dynamic thermal trapping strategy using thermoresponsive-based magnetic smart nanoparticles as host species to reversibly trap and couple given nonmagnetic entities in aqueous surroundings, enabling cross-species smart nanoparticle swarms (SMARS). Such trapping process endows unaddressable nonmagnetic species with efficient thermo-switchable magnetic response, which determines SMARS’ cross-species synchronized maneuverability. Benefiting from collective merits of hybrid components, SMARS can be configured into specific smart modules spanning from chain, vesicle, droplet, to ionic module, which can implement localized or distributed functions that are single-species unachievable. Our methodology allows dynamic multimaterials integration despite the odds of their intrinsic identities to conceive distinctive structures and functions.

scholarly journals Do syntopic host species harbour similar symbiotic communities? The case ofChaetopterusspp. (Annelida: Chaetopteridae)

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temir A. Britayev ◽  
Elena Mekhova ◽  
Yury Deart ◽  
Daniel Martin
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Intraspecific Interactions ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
High Species Richness ◽  
Symbiotic Community

To assess whether closely related host species harbour similar symbiotic communities, we studied two polychaetes,Chaetopterussp. (n = 11) andChaetopteruscf.appendiculatus(n = 83) living in soft sediments of Nhatrang Bay (South China Sea, Vietnam). The former harboured the porcellanid crabsPolyonyxcf.heokandPolyonyxsp., the pinnotherid crabTetriassp. and the tergipedid nudibranchPhestillasp. The latter harboured the polynoid polychaeteOphthalmonoe pettiboneae, the carapid fishOnuxodon fowleriand the porcellanid crabEulenaios cometes, all of which, exceptO. fowleri, seemed to be specialized symbionts. The species richness and mean intensity of the symbionts were higher inChaetopterussp. than inC.cf.appendiculatus(1.8 and 1.02 species and 3.0 and 1.05 individuals per host respectively). We suggest that the lower density ofChaetopterussp. may explain the higher number of associated symbionts observed, as well as the 100% prevalence (69.5% inC.cf.appenciculatus). MostChaetopterussp. harboured two symbiotic species, which was extremely rare inC.cf.appendiculatus, suggesting lower interspecific interactions in the former. The crab and nudibranch symbionts ofChaetopterussp. often shared a host and lived in pairs, thus partitioning resources. This led to the species coexisting in the tubes ofChaetopterussp., establishing a tightly packed community, indicating high species richness and mean intensity, together with a low species dominance. In contrast, the aggressive, strictly territorial species associated withC.cf.appendiculatusestablished a symbiotic community strongly dominated by single species and, thus, low species richness and mean intensity. Therefore, we suggest that interspecific interactions are determining species richness, intensity and dominance, while intraspecific interactions are influencing only intensity and abundance. It is possible that species composition may have influenced the differences in community structure observed. We hypothesize that both host species could originally be allopatric. The evolutionary specialization of the symbiotic communities would occur in separated geographical areas, while the posterior disappearance of the existing geographical barriers would lead to the overlapped distribution.

scholarly journals Persistence of single species of symbionts across multiple closely-related host species

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Doña ◽  
Carolina Osuna-Mascaró ◽  
Kevin P. Johnson ◽  
David Serrano ◽  
Raül Aymí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
Symbiont Species

AbstractSome symbiont species are highly host-specific, inhabiting only one or a very few host species, and typically have limited dispersal abilities. When they do occur on multiple host species, populations of such symbionts are expected to become genetically structured across these different host species, and this may eventually lead to new symbiont species over evolutionary timescales. However, a low number of dispersal events of symbionts between host species across time might be enough to prevent population structure and species divergence. Overall, processes of evolutionary divergence and the species status of most putative multi-host symbiont systems are yet to be investigated. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding data of 6,023 feather mites (a total of 2,225 OTU representative sequences) from 147 infracommunities (i.e., the assemblage consisting of all mites of different species collected from the same bird host individual) to investigate patterns of population genetic structure and species status of three different putative multi-host feather mite species Proctophyllodes macedo Vitzthum, 1922, Proctophyllodes motacillae Gaud, 1953, and Trouessartia jedliczkai (Zimmerman, 1894), each of which inhabits a variable number of different closely related wagtail host species (genus Motacilla). We show that mite populations from different host species represent a single species. This pattern was found in all the mite species, suggesting that each of these species is a multi-host species in which dispersal of mites among host species prevents species divergence. Also, we found evidence of limited evolutionary divergence manifested by a low but significant level of population genetic structure among symbiont populations inhabiting different host species. Our study agrees with previous studies showing a higher than expected colonization opportunities in host-specific symbionts. Indeed, our results support that these dispersal events would allow the persistence of multi-host species even in symbionts with limited dispersal capabilities, though additional factors such as the geographical structure of some bird populations may also play a role.

A meta-analysis of host specificity in Neotropical hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nava ◽  
A.A. Guglielmone
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
Hard Ticks ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHost specificity of Neotropical hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) was analyzed by using the number of hosts species for each tick species and the index of host specificity STD*, which integrates phylogenetic and ecological information. The analyses were based on 4172 records of hard ticks collected from wild and domestic tetrapods. Most tick species included in this study were associated with three to 20 host species. No tick species has been associated either with a single species or with a single genus of host. It was found that the number of host species is sensitive to sampling effort, but not the STD*. The most frequent values of STD* were between 2.5 and 3.5, which shows that the host species more frequently used by Neotropical hard tick species belong to different families or different orders. Immature stages tend to use a broader taxonomic range of hosts than adults, and the interpretation of both measures of host specificity used in this study led to the conclusion that the impact of non-endemic hosts does not alter the patterns of host specificity in Neotropical hard ticks. The index STD* showed that a high proportion of tick species has phylogenetically unrelated species as principal hosts. The conclusion reached in this work indicates that strict host specificity is not common among Neotropical hard ticks and suggests that the influence of tick ecology and evolution of habitat specificity, tick generation time, phenology, time spent off the host and the type of life-cycle could be more important than hosts species.

scholarly journals Pan-American Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) perronei sp. n. in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and its deer ked Lipoptena mazamae: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herakles Antonio Garcia ◽  
Alexander P. Blanco ◽  
Adriana C. Rodrigues ◽  
Carla M. Rodrigues ◽  
Carmen S. A. Takata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
North American ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ssu Rrna ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Deer Ked

Abstract Background: The subgenus Megatrypanum comprises trypanosomes of cervids and bovids from around the world. Here, Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer = WTD) and its ectoparasite, the deer ked Lipoptena mazamae (hippoboscid fly), were surveyed for trypanosomes in Venezuela. Results: Haemoculturing unveiled 20% infected WTD, while 47% (7/15) of blood samples and 38% (11/29) of ked guts tested positive for the Megatrypanum-specific TthCATL-PCR. CATL and SSU rRNA sequences uncovered a single species of trypanosome. Phylogeny based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH sequences tightly cluster WTD trypanosomes from Venezuela and the USA, which were strongly supported as geographical variants of the herein described Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) perronei sp. n. In our analyses, T. perronei was closest to T. sp. D30 of fallow deer (Germany), both nested into TthII alongside other trypanosomes of cervids (North American elks and European fallow, red and sika deer), and bovids (cattle, antelopes and sheep). Insights into T. perronei life cycle were obtained from early haemocultures of deer blood and co-culture with mammalian and insect cells showing flagellates resembling Megatrypanum trypanosomes previously reported in deer blood, and deer ked guts. For the first time, a trypanosome from a cervid was cultured and phylogenetically and morphologically (light and electron microscopy) characterised. Conclusions: In the analyses based on SSU rRNA, gGAPDH, CATL and ITS rDNA sequences, neither cervids nor bovids trypanosomes were monophyletic but intertwined within TthI and TthII major phylogenetic lineages. One host species can harbour more than one species/genotype of trypanosomes, but each trypanosome species/genotype was found in a single host species or in phylogenetically related hosts. Molecular evidence that L. mazamae may transmit T. perronei suggests important evolutionary constraints making tight the tripartite T. perronei–WTD–deer ked association. In a plausible evolutionary scenario, T. perronei entered South America with North American WTD at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary following the closure of the Panama Isthmus.

Helminth parasite communities of macropodoid marsupials of the genera Hypsiprymnodon, Aepyprmnus, Thylogale, Onychogalea, Lagorchestes and Dendrolagus from Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Beveridge ◽  
R Speare ◽  
PM Johnson ◽  
DM Spratt
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Helminth Community ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Helminth Communities ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Dendrolagus Lumholtzi

Helminth parasites were examined from 4 Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, 18 Aepyprymnus rufescens, 13 Thylogale stigmatica, 13 Onychogalea unguifera, 2 0. fraenata, 8 Lagorchestes conspicillatus and 7 Dendrolagus lumholtzi from north and central Queensland. In all, 63 species of nematodes, ten species of cestodes and a single species of trematode were encountered. Helminth communities in H. moschatus and A. rufescens were characterised by few, highly specific parasites; D. lumholtzi similarly harboured few parasites; those of Onychogalea spp. and L. conspicillatus were more diverse and included a number of taxa shared with other macropodine hosts. The helminth community of T. stigmatica was extremely diverse and was dominated by helminths specific to Thylogale spp. The helminth communities of the various host genera showed little similarity to one another, even in the case of host species that were broadly sympatric. This lack of similarity is probably due to a mixture of factors, some related to host phylogeny and others ecological, particularly habitat type and feeding behaviour. The data presented illustrate a wider range of types of helminth communities in macropodoids than reported to date, and little evidence of exchange of parasites with rock-wallabies, Petrogale spp., examined from the same regions of Queensland.

Lack of evidence for co-speciation in a parasitic nematode of grey kangaroos

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.B. Chilton ◽  
G.M. Morris ◽  
I. Beveridge ◽  
G. Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Speciation Event ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Western Grey Kangaroo

AbstractMultilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to compare specimens of the parasitic nematode Cloacina obtusa from the stomach of the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus and the western grey kangaroo, M. fuliginosus. Allelic variation among nematodes was detected at 17 (85%) of 20 loci, but there was only a single fixed genetic difference (at the locus for isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH) between C. obtusa from M. fuliginosus and those from M. giganteus in areas where each host occurred in allopatry. However, this fixed difference was not apparent within the zone of host sympatry. Although electrophoretic data indicate genetic divergence among allopatric populations of C. obtusa in the two host species, the magnitude of the electrophoretic difference (5%) between these populations does not refute the hypothesis that C. obtusa represents a single species. The ’usual’ situation for parasitic helminths of grey kangaroos is that pairs of parasite species occur in the two host species. This situation differs for C. obtusa, where there has been a lack of speciation following a speciation event in its macropodid marsupial hosts. This finding suggests that a speciation event in the host does not necessarily lead to a speciation event for all its parasites and further highlights our lack of understanding of which processes drive speciation in parasites.

scholarly journals Pan-American Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) perronei sp. n. in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and its deer ked Lipoptena mazamae: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herakles Antonio Garcia ◽  
Pilar A. Blanco ◽  
Adriana C. Rodrigues ◽  
Carla M. F. Rodrigues ◽  
Carmen S. A. Takata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
North American ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Ssu Rrna ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Deer Ked

Abstract Background The subgenus Megatrypanum comprises trypanosomes of cervids and bovids from around the world. Here, Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer = WTD) and its ectoparasite, the deer ked Lipoptena mazamae (hippoboscid fly), were surveyed for trypanosomes in Venezuela. Results Haemoculturing unveiled 20% infected WTD, while 47% (7/15) of blood samples and 38% (11/29) of ked guts tested positive for the Megatrypanum- specific TthCATL-PCR. CATL and SSU rRNA sequences uncovered a single species of trypanosome. Phylogeny based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH sequences tightly cluster WTD trypanosomes from Venezuela and the USA, which were strongly supported as geographical variants of the herein described Trypanosoma ( Megatrypanum ) perronei sp. n. In our analyses, T. perronei was closest to T . sp. D30 of fallow deer (Germany), both nested into TthII alongside other trypanosomes of cervids (North American elks and European fallow, red and sika deer), and bovids (cattle, antelopes and sheep). Insights into T. perronei life cycle were obtained from early haemocultures of deer blood and co-culture with mammalian and insect cells showing flagellates resembling Megatrypanum trypanosomes previously reported in deer blood, and deer ked guts. For the first time, a trypanosome from a cervid was cultured and phylogenetically and morphologically (light and electron microscopy) characterised. Conclusions In the analyses based on SSU rRNA, gGAPDH, CATL and ITS rDNA sequences, neither cervids nor bovids trypanosomes were monophyletic but intertwined within TthI and TthII major phylogenetic lineages. One host species can harbour more than one species/genotype of trypanosomes, but each trypanosome species/genotype was found in a single host species or in phylogenetically related hosts. Molecular evidence that L. mazamae may transmit T. perronei suggests important evolutionary constraints making tight the tripartite T. perronei –WTD–deer ked association. In a plausible evolutionary scenario, T. perronei entered South America with North American WTD at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary following the closure of the Panama Isthmus.

scholarly journals Potential parasite transmission in multi-host networks based on parasite sharing

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Pilosof ◽  
Serge Morand ◽  
Boris R Krasnov ◽  
Charles L Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of parasite transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence parasite sharing – and thus potential transmission pathways – among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided to subgroups composed of individuals that interact more among themselves than with individuals outside the subgroup) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed “potential transmission networks” based on the host-parasite networks, in which edges depict the number of parasites shared between a pair of individuals. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-parasite network) may impact transmission patterns.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen “Brachyspira hampsonii” Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 2908-2918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita S. Mirajkar ◽  
Aschalew Z. Bekele ◽  
Yogesh Y. Chander ◽  
Connie J. Gebhart
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Content Type

Outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in swine herds in the late 2000s signaled the reemergence of an economically significant disease, swine dysentery, in the United States. Investigations confirmed the emergence of a novel spirochete in swine, provisionally designated “Brachyspira hampsonii,” with two genetically distinct clades. Although it has since been detected in swine and migratory birds in Europe and North America, little is known about its genetic diversity or its relationships with otherBrachyspiraspecies. This study characterizesB. hampsoniiusing a newly developed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and elucidates the diversity, distribution, population structure, and genetic relationships of this pathogen from diverse epidemiological sources globally. Genetic characterization of 81B. hampsoniiisolates, originating from six countries, with our newly established MLST scheme identified a total of 20 sequence types (STs) belonging to three clonal complexes (CCs).B. hampsoniishowed a heterogeneous population structure with evidence of microevolution locally in swine production systems, while its clustering patterns showed associations with its epidemiological origins (country, swine production system, and host species). The close genetic relatedness ofB. hampsoniiisolates from different countries and host species highlights the importance of strict biosecurity control measures. A comparative analysis of 430 isolates representing sevenBrachyspiraspecies (pathogens and commensals) from 19 countries and 10 host species depicted clustering by microbial species. It revealed the close genetic relatedness ofB. hampsoniiwith commensalBrachyspiraspecies and also provided support for the two clades ofB. hampsoniito be considered a single species.

scholarly journals Respiratory and cardiopulmonary nematode species of foxes and jackals in Serbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Bjelić Čabrilo ◽  
V. Simin ◽  
M. Miljević ◽  
B. Čabrilo ◽  
D. Mijatović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Host Sex ◽  
Parasite Aggregation ◽  
Abundance Variation ◽  
High Degree

Summary As part of routine monitoring of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and jackals (Canis aureus) on the territory of Vojvodina province (northern Serbia), an analysis of respiratory and cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes was conducted. Both host species harbored Eucoleus aerophilus, E. boehmi and Crenosoma vulpis, whereas Angiostrongylus vasorum was found only in foxes. A high prevalence of infection (72.6 %) was noted for E. aerophilus in foxes. The remaining parasite species occurred less frequently in both host species. In all species where it could be quantified, a high degree of parasite aggregation within host individuals was noted. Single species infections were most common, whereas two and three species infections occurred less frequently in both host species. The distribution of abundance of E. aerophilus was affected by host sex, with abundances higher in male foxes. Sampling site and year influenced abundance variation in E. boehmi.

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