scholarly journals Potential parasite transmission in multi-host networks based on parasite sharing

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Pilosof ◽  
Serge Morand ◽  
Boris R Krasnov ◽  
Charles L Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of parasite transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence parasite sharing – and thus potential transmission pathways – among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided to subgroups composed of individuals that interact more among themselves than with individuals outside the subgroup) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed “potential transmission networks” based on the host-parasite networks, in which edges depict the number of parasites shared between a pair of individuals. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-parasite network) may impact transmission patterns.

scholarly journals Potential parasite transmission in multi-host networks based on parasite sharing

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Pilosof ◽  
Serge Morand ◽  
Boris R Krasnov ◽  
Charles L Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of parasite transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence parasite sharing – and thus potential transmission pathways – among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided to subgroups composed of individuals that interact more among themselves than with individuals outside the subgroup) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed “potential transmission networks” based on the host-parasite networks, in which edges depict the number of parasites shared between a pair of individuals. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-parasite network) may impact transmission patterns.

scholarly journals Long-term prevalence data reveals spillover dynamics in a multi-host (Artemia), multi-parasite (Microsporidia) community

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva J.P. Lievens ◽  
Nicolas O. Rode ◽  
Julie Landes ◽  
Adeline Segard ◽  
Roula Jabbour-Zahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

AbstractIn the study of multi-host parasites, it is often found that host species contribute asymmetrically to parasite transmission, with cascading effects on parasite dynamics and overall community structure. Yet, identifying which of the host species contribute to parasite transmission and maintenance is a recurring challenge. Here, we approach this issue by taking advantage of natural variation in the community composition of host species. We studied the horizontally transmitted microsporidians Anostracospora rigaudi and Enterocytospora artemiae in a Southern French metacommunity of their brine shrimp hosts, Artemia franciscana and Artemia parthenogenetica. Within the metacommunity, patches can contain either or both of the Artemia host species, so that long-term prevalence data can provide a direct link between the presence of the two host species and the persistence of the two parasites. First, we show that the microsporidian A. rigaudi is a spillover parasite: it was unable to persist in the absence of its maintenance host A. parthenogenetica. This result was particularly striking in light of A. rigaudi’s high prevalence (in the field) and high infectivity (when tested in the lab) in both hosts. Moreover, A. parthenogenetica’s seasonal presence imposed seasonality on the rate of spillover, causing cyclical pseudo-endemics in the spillover host A. franciscana. Second, while our prevalence data was sufficient to identify E. artemiae as either a spillover or a facultative multi-host parasite, we could not distinguish between the two possibilities. This study supports the importance of studying the community context of multi-host parasites, and demonstrates that in appropriate multi-host systems, sampling across a range of conditions and host communities can lead to clear conclusions about the drivers of parasite persistence.

scholarly journals Integrating ecology and epidemiology using individual-based multi-species networks

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Pilosof ◽  
Serge Morand ◽  
Boris R Krasnov ◽  
Charles L Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Interaction Structure ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Individual Contact ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasite transmission in host communities is a function of ecological factors that influence interspecific contacts and contact patterns within species. These two levels are studied with different kinds of networks – ecological networks and individual contact networks – and the integration of these levels is essential for effective understanding of parasite transmission. We combined these approaches by creating epidemiological networks based on parasite sharing from individual-based ecological host-parasite networks. We compared multi- to single-species networks to investigate the drivers of helminth infection in wild individual rodents of South-east Asia. Network modularity was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. Phylogeny affected affiliation of individuals to modules. The importance of individuals differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual traits influencing their position in the networks. Simulations revealed that a novel parasite spreads more slowly in multi- than in single-species networks and that this depended on network structure. Although the relative contribution of within- vs. between-species transmission rates to disease dynamics is important, using multi-host epidemiological networks improves our understanding of parasite dynamics as it further considers interaction structure between individuals.

The host-specificity of Theileria sp. (sable) and Theileria sp. (sable-like) in African Bovidae and detection of novel Theileria in antelope and giraffe

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronel Pienaar ◽  
Antoinette Josemans ◽  
Abdalla A. Latif ◽  
Ben J. Mans
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
Black Wildebeest ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Related Genotype ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Generation Sequencing

AbstractTick-borne diseases caused by Theileria are of economic importance in domestic and wildlife ruminants. The majority of Theileria infects a limited number of host species, supporting the concept of host specificity. However, some Theileria seem to be generalists challenging the host specificity paradigm, such as Theileria sp. (sable) reported from various vertebrate hosts, including African buffalo, cattle, dogs and different antelope species. We tested the hypothesis that T. sp. (sable) uses Bovidae as hosts in general using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay specific for T. sp. (sable) and a closely related genotype: T. sp. (sable-like). Various antelope species from the Tragelaphini (black wildebeest, blesbuck, blue wildebeest, gemsbuck, sable and waterbuck) tested positive for either T. sp. (sable) or T. sp. (sable-like). However, no African buffalo (n = 238) or cattle (n = 428) sampled in the current study tested positive, suggesting that these latter species are not carrier hosts. The results were confirmed using next-generation sequencing which also indicated at least 13 new genotypes or species found in various antelope and giraffes. Genotypes were found in single host species or in evolutionarily related hosts, suggesting that host specificity in Theileria may be a lineage specific phenomenon likely associated with tick-host-parasite co-evolution.

Two sympatric root hemiparasitic Pedicularis species differ in host dependency and selectivity under phosphorus limitation

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Rong Li ◽  
F. Andrew Smith ◽  
Sally E. Smith ◽  
Kai-Yun Guan
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasitic biology of Pedicularis L. (Orobanchaceae) has been underinvestigated despite its wide distribution and potential ecological significance. To better understand the parasitic aspects of the root hemiparasites, host–parasite interactions were investigated with two sympatric Pedicularis species, Pedicularis rex C. B. Clarke and Pedicularis tricolor Hand.-Mazz., at two developmental stages. Plant DW, shoot phosphorus (P) content, root : shoot ratio and number of haustoria were measured in Pedicularis grown with either a host plant or a plant of its own species in pot experiments. In addition, effects of parasitism and intraspecific competition on growth and biomass allocation in four host species belonging to three major functional groups (grasses, legumes and forbs) were investigated. The two Pedicularis species showed obvious host preference, but preferred different host species. Interactions between Pedicularis and their hosts depended on both species identity and developmental stages of the partners. Overall, P. rex showed much weaker host dependency and less damage to hosts than P. tricolor. Interspecific variations were observed among different host species in their responses to intraspecific competition and parasitism. We concluded that different Pedicularis-host pairs showed different interaction patterns. Sympatric Pedicularis may have differential influence on plant community structure and productivity.

scholarly journals Avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) mortality differs across Darwin’s finch host species

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren K. Common ◽  
Petra Sumasgutner ◽  
Rachael Y. Dudaniec ◽  
Diane Colombelli-Négrel ◽  
Sonia Kleindorfer
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Host Nest ◽  
Philornis Downsi ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

AbstractIn invasive parasites, generalism is considered advantageous during the initial phase of introduction. Thereafter, fitness costs to parasites, such as host-specific mortality, can drive parasites towards specialism to avoid costly hosts. It is important to determine changes in host specificity of invasive populations to understand host-parasite dynamics and their effects on vulnerable host populations. We examined changes in mortality in the introduced avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) (Diptera: Muscidae), a generalist myasis-causing ectoparasite, between 2004 and 2020 on Floreana Island (Galápagos). Mortality was measured as the proportion of immature larvae found upon host nest termination. Over the time period, the avian vampire fly was most abundant and had low mortality in nests of the critically endangered medium tree finch (Camarhynchus pauper) and had the highest mortality in nests of hybrid tree finches (Camarhynchus spp.). Low larval mortality was also found in small tree (Camarhynchus parvulus) and small ground finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) nests. Selection could favour avian vampire flies that select medium tree finch nests and/or avoid hybrid nests. Overall, the finding of differences in avian vampire fly survival across host species is parsimonious with the idea that the introduced fly may be evolving towards host specialisation.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic treatment alters the parasite community in a wild mouse host

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy B. Pedersen ◽  
Janis Antonovics
Keyword(s):  
Wild Mouse ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Mouse Population ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

Individuals are often co-infected with several parasite species, yet the consequences of drug treatment on the dynamics of parasite communities in wild populations have rarely been measured. Here, we experimentally reduced nematode infection in a wild mouse population and measured the effects on other non-target parasites. A single oral dose of the anthelmintic, ivermectin, significantly reduced nematode infection, but resulted in a reciprocal increase in other gastrointestinal parasites, specifically coccidial protozoans and cestodes. These results highlight the possibility that drug therapy may have unintended consequences for non-target parasites and that host–parasite dynamics cannot always be fully understood in the framework of single host–parasite interactions.

Effects of Host Species Identity and Diet on the Biodiversity of the Microbiota in Puerto Rican Bats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Presley ◽  
Joerg Graf ◽  
Ahmad F. Hassan ◽  
Anna R. Sjodin ◽  
Michael R. Willig
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Identity

scholarly journals A Bit of Sex Stabilizes Host–Parasite Dynamics

2001 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS FLATT ◽  
NICOLAS MAIRE ◽  
MICHAEL DOEBELI
Keyword(s):  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics

Host-parasite dynamics and the evolution of host immunity and parasite fecundity strategies

1997 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veijo Kaitala ◽  
Mikko Heino ◽  
Wayne M. Getz
Keyword(s):  
Host Immunity ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Dynamics
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