Social Psychological Aspects of Competition for Male Youth Sport Participants: I. Predictors of Competitive Stress

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara K. Scanlan ◽  
Rebecca Lewthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Performance Expectancies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Personal Performance

This field study investigated the influence and stability of individual difference and situational factors on the competitive stress experienced by 9- to 14-year-old wrestlers. Stress was assessed by the children's form of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory and was measured immediately before and after each of two consecutive tournament matches. Wrestlers' dispositions, characteristic precompetition cognitions, perceptions of significant adult influences, psychological states, self-perceptions, and competitive outcomes were examined as predictors of pre- and postmatch anxiety in separate multiple regression analyses for each tournament round. The most influential and stable predictors of prematch stress for both matches were competitive trait anxiety and personal performance expectancies, while win-loss and fun experienced during the match predicted postmatch stress for both rounds. In addition, prematch worries about failure and perceived parental pressure to participate were predictive of round 1 prematch stress. Round 1 postmatch stress levels predicted stress after round 2, suggesting some consistency in children's stress responses. In total, 61 and 35% of prematch and 41 and 32% of postmatch state anxiety variance was explained for rounds 1 and 2, respectively.

Social Psychological Aspects of Competition for Male Youth Sport Participants: III. Determinants of Personal Performance Expectancies

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara K. Scanlan ◽  
Rebecca Lewthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Performance Expectancies ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Personal Performance ◽  
Generalized Expectancies

This field study examined predictors of generalized and specific performance expectancies for 76 male wrestlers, ages 9 to 14 years, who participated in the first two rounds of a competitive wrestling tournament. Generalized expectancies were defined as the participants' overall expectancies for successful performance. Specific expectancies were operationalized by asking wrestlers to indicate how sure they were about winning each of their first two tournament matches. High generalized expectancies were predicted by high self-esteem, greater outcome success in the preceding tournament, and boys' perceptions of (a) greater parental and coach satisfaction with their season's performance and (b) a lack of noncontingent performance reactions by their parents. Then high generalized expectancies, along with high perceived wrestling ability and perceptions of greater adult satisfaction with the season's performance, predicted high specific expectancies for the first tournament round. High specific expectancies for the second round were predicted by high generalized expectancies and high perceived wrestling ability. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for a nomological network of wrestlers' specific performance expectancies.

Sources of Competitive Stress in Young Female Athletes

1979 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara K. Scanlan ◽  
MichaeI W. Passer
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Situational Factor ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Performance Expectancies ◽  
Competitive Game

This field study examined the intrapersonal and situational factors related to the stress experienced by 10- to 12-year-old girls participating in competitive youth soccer. Factors potentially related to competitive stress were assessed at preseason, midseason, pregame, and postgame periods. Competitive stress, measured by the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory for Children, was assessed 30 min. prior to and immediately following a competitive game. Results indicated that higher pregame stress was related to high competitive trait anxiety and basal state anxiety as well as low self-esteem and team performance expectancies. The situational factor of game outcome (win, tie, loss) was the predominant variable associated with stress exhibited after the game, with losers evidencing the highest and winners the lowest postgame stress. The most important intrapersonal factor related to postgame stress was the amount of fun experienced during the game. The findings were quite similar to previous field research with young male soccer players, indicating that both sexes seem to share common sources of stress.

Social Psychological Aspects of Competition for Male Youth Sport Participants: IL Predictors of Performance Outcomes

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara K. Scanlan ◽  
Rebecca Lewthwaite ◽  
Bruce L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Psychological Predictors ◽  
Related Variable ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Performance Expectancies

This field study investigated sport-related and psychological predictors of children's performance outcomes (win-loss) across two consecutive rounds of a competitive wrestling tournament. The 76 wrestlers studied were 9- to 14-year-old boys, and the sport-related variable examined involved their years of competitive wrestling experience. The psychological predictors investigated were the participants' prematch performance expectancies and their characteristic prematch cognitions including: (a) worries about failure and (b) concerns about the performance expectations and evaluative reactions of their parents and coach. The data for each round were separately analyzed by logistic regression analysis. The most influential and stable predictors of performance outcomes across both tournament rounds were competitive experience and prematch performance expectancies. In addition, characteristic failure cognitions significantly predicted win-loss in the first round of the tournament. In total, win-loss was successfully predicted in 78 and 80% of the cases for round 1 and 2, respectively, by these predictors.

scholarly journals Body Image and Voluntary Gaze Behaviors towards Physique-Salient Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2549
Author(s):  
April Karlinsky ◽  
Holly Howe ◽  
Melissa de Jonge ◽  
Alan Kingstone ◽  
Catherine M. Sabiston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Body Appreciation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Image Variables

The purpose of this study was to explore body image correlates of voluntary consumption of physique-salient media. A secondary aim was to assess changes in affect following media consumption. Young adult men (n = 47; mean age = 20.2 years) and women (n = 87; mean age = 19.5 years) were discretely exposed to images of same-sex models with idealized- and average-physiques while completing an irrelevant computer task. Voluntary gaze at the images was covertly recorded via hidden cameras. Participants also completed measures of affect before and after the computer task. Measures of body-related envy, body appreciation, and self-perceptions of attractiveness, thinness, and physical strength were completed. Men and women did not differ in how often nor for how long they looked at the images overall, but body image variables were differentially associated with their voluntary gaze behaviors. For men, higher body-related envy and lower body appreciation were correlated with more looks at the average-physique model. Although women reported higher body-related envy than men, envy and body appreciation were not significant correlates of gaze behaviors for women. Both men and women experienced a general affective decrease over time, but only for men was the change in negative affect associated with their time spent looking at the ideal-physique image. Overall, these findings suggest that body-related envy and body appreciation influence how men choose to consume physique-salient media, and that media consumption may have negative consequences for post-exposure affect. Body image factors appear to be more strongly associated with behavior in men, perhaps because men are generally less often exposed to physique-salient media and, in particular, to average-physique images.

scholarly journals Effects of Open-Label Placebos on State Anxiety and Glucocorticoid Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Michael Schaefer ◽  
Julian Hellmann-Regen ◽  
Sören Enge
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Negative Feelings

Stress belongs to the most frequent negative feelings people are confronted with in daily life. Strategies against acute stress include, e.g., relaxation techniques or medications, but it is also known that placebos can successfully reduce negative emotional stress. While it is widely held that placebos require deception to provoke a response, recent studies demonstrate intriguing evidence that placebos may work even without concealment (e.g., against anxiety or pain). Most of these studies are based on self-report questionnaires and do not include physiological measures. Here we report results of a study examining whether placebos without deception reduce acute stress. A total of 53 healthy individuals received either placebos without deception or no pills before participating in a laboratory stress test (Maastricht Acute Stress Test, MAST). We recorded self-report stress measures and cortisol responses before and after the MAST. Results showed no significant differences between the placebo and the control group, but when comparing participants with high relative to low beliefs in the power of placebos we found significant lower anxiety and cortisol responses for the placebo believers. These results show that non-deceptive placebos may successfully reduce acute anxiety and stress, but only in participants who had a strong belief in placebos. We discuss the results by suggesting that open-label placebos might be a possible treatment to reduce stress at least for some individuals.

Acute cold stress in rheumatoid arthritis inadequately activates stress responses and induces an increase of interleukin 6

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Straub ◽  
G Pongratz ◽  
H Hirvonen ◽  
T Pohjolainen ◽  
M Mikkelsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cold Therapy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sympathetic Stress

Objective:Acute stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should stimulate a strong stress response. After cryotherapy, we expected to observe an increase of hormones of the adrenal gland and the sympathetic nervous system.Methods:A total of 55 patients with RA were recruited for whole-body cryotherapy at −110°C and −60°C, and local cold therapy between −20°C and −30°C for 7 days. We measured plasma levels of steroid hormones, neuropeptide Y (sympathetic marker), and interleukin (IL)6 daily before and after cryotherapy.Results:In both therapy groups with/without glucocorticoids (GC), hormone and IL6 levels at baseline and 5 h after cold stress did not change over 7 days of cryotherapy. In patients without GC, plasma levels of cortisol and androstenedione were highest after −110°C cold stress followed by −60°C or local cold stress. The opposite was found in patients under GC therapy, in whom, unexpectedly, −110°C cold stress elicited the smallest responses. In patients without GC, adrenal cortisol production increased relative to other adrenal steroids, and again the opposite was seen under GC therapy with a loss of cortisol and an increase of dehydroepiandrosterone. Importantly, there was no sympathetic stress response in both groups. Patients without GC and −110°C cold stress demonstrated higher plasma IL6 compared to the other treatment groups (not observed under GC), but they showed the best clinical response.Conclusions:We detected an inadequate stress response in patients with GC. It is further shown that the sympathetic stress response was inadequate in patients with/without GC. Paradoxically, plasma levels of IL6 increased under strong cold stress in patients without GC. These findings confirm dysfunctional stress axes in RA.

Large-Scale Sport Events and Resident Well-Being: Examining PERMA and the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jason Doyle ◽  
Kevin Filo ◽  
Alana Thomson ◽  
Thilo Kunkel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Commonwealth Games

Delivering community-based benefits is oftentimes cited to justify the high costs associated with hosting large-scale events. The current research is embedded in positive psychology to examine how an event impacts host community members’ PERMA domains, reflected through positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Adopting a longitudinal approach, the authors interviewed 15 host community members before and after a large-scale sport event to determine if and how the event impacted their well-being. The findings uncovered evidence that the event activated positive emotions, relationships, and meaning across both phases, and evidence of accomplishment within the postevent phase. The findings contribute to the knowledge by examining the links between large-scale sport events and well-being throughout the event lifecycle. This research forwards implications for event bidding committees, event organizers, and host community officials to maximize community well-being through hosting large-scale events and to help justify associated expenses from a social–psychological perspective.

scholarly journals Group music lessons for children aged 1–3 improve accompanying parents’ moods

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kawase ◽  
Jun’ichi Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Music Lessons ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Peripheral Participation ◽  
Musical Activities

This study investigated the improvement in parents’ moods when attending group music lessons targeting their children aged 1–3 years. A questionnaire survey of parents’ moods was conducted under three conditions: immediately before and after the lesson, and on a non-lesson day. Results suggested that group music lessons for children enhanced parents’ positive mood and reduced anxiety. Thus, even peripheral participation in children’s group music lessons can be beneficial for parents. In addition, such mood improvements were more significant in the parents whose everyday state anxiety was high than in parents whose state anxiety was low. Since only few parents answered that their motivation in taking the lesson was to benefit themselves, the results of the study suggest side effects of children’s group music lessons for parents. These imply the potential benefits of musical activities for non-primary targeted participants who are not clearly aware of the positive musical effects for themselves.

scholarly journals Sex in Stencil Novels Case Study: Readers' Reception of Enny Arrow's Stencil Novel in Surakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariska Puspita Anggraini ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Reception Theory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Erotic Literature ◽  
Before And After ◽  
New Perspective

The phenomenon of sex has always been novel in every era. In Indonesia, for example, Enny Arrow’s stencil novel has been circulating, which has been named as a legend of Indonesian erotic literature. Along with the development of technology, the existence of stencil novels was replaced by DVDs or VCDs, which then continued with the emergence of various sites providing access to pornography. This difference in phenomena certainly makes the meaning of sex for each individual different. This research will analyze the meaning of sex in the stencil novel by Enny Arrow in the eyes of millennial men. The data analysis will focus on social psychological factors using Normand Holland’s literary reception theory. From the data analysis, it can be concluded that there are different views on sexual relations before and after reading the novel. This research is expected to provide a new perspective on the picture of sexuality for modern humans.

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