Roles of spectral peaks and notches in the head-related transfer functions in the upper median plane for vertical localization

2016 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 2957-2957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Iida ◽  
Yohji Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Median Plane ◽  
Spectral Peaks ◽  
Vertical Localization

Mechanism for generating peaks and notches of head-related transfer functions in the median plane

2012 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 3832-3841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Takemoto ◽  
Parham Mokhtari ◽  
Hiroaki Kato ◽  
Ryouichi Nishimura ◽  
Kazuhiro Iida
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Median Plane

scholarly journals Frequency Domain Multimodel Analysis of the Response of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to Surface Forcing

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 8323-8340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. MacMartin ◽  
Eli Tziperman ◽  
Laure Zanna
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Overturning Circulation ◽  
Model Version ◽  
Spectral Peaks ◽  
Meridional Overturning

Abstract The dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) vary considerably among different climate models; for example, some models show clear peaks in their power spectra while others do not. To elucidate these model differences, transfer functions are used to estimate the frequency domain relationship between surface forcing fields, including sea surface temperature, salinity, and wind stress, and the resulting AMOC response. These are estimated from the outputs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and phase 3 (CMIP3) control runs for eight different models, with a specific focus on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1), and the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), which exhibit rather different spectral behavior. The transfer functions show very little agreement among models for any of the pairs of variables considered, suggesting the existence of systematic model errors and that considerable uncertainty in the simulation of AMOC in current climate models remains. However, a robust feature of the frequency domain analysis is that models with spectral peaks in their AMOC correspond to those in which AMOC variability is more strongly excited by high-latitude surface perturbations that have periods corresponding to the frequency of the spectral peaks. This explains why different models exhibit such different AMOC variability. These differences would not be evident without using a method that explicitly computes the frequency dependence rather than a priori assuming a particular functional form. Finally, transfer functions are used to evaluate two proposed physical mechanisms for model differences in AMOC variability: differences in Labrador Sea stratification and excitation by westward-propagating subsurface Rossby waves.

scholarly journals Head-related transfer functions of the Mongolian gerbil in the median plane

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katuhiro Maki ◽  
Shigeto Furukawa ◽  
Tatsuya Hirahara
Keyword(s):  
Mongolian Gerbil ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Median Plane

Headphone Localization of Speech

1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durand R. Begault ◽  
Elizabeth M. Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Median Plane ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Spectral Changes ◽  
Distance Judgments ◽  
Display Systems

Three-dimensional acoustic display systems have recently been developed that synthesize virtual sound sources over headphones based on filtering by headrelated transfer functions (HRTFs), the direction-dependent spectral changes caused primarily by the pinnae. In this study 11 inexperienced subjects judged the apparent spatial location of headphone-presented speech stimuli filtered with nonindividualized HRTFs. About half of the subjects "pulled" their judgments toward either the median or the lateral-vertical planes, and estimates were almost always elevated. Individual differences were pronounced for the distance judgments; 15% to 46% of stimuli were heard inside the head, with the shortest estimates near the median plane. The results suggest that most listeners can obtain useful azimuth information from speech stimuli filtered by nonindividualized HRTFs. Measurements of localization error and reversal rates are comparable with a previous study that used broadband noise stimuli.

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