An investigation into the relationship between sound intensity and normal surface velocity

2007 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 3155-3155
Author(s):  
Mark Boyle ◽  
Matthew Cassidy ◽  
Richard Cooper ◽  
Richard Gault ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Normal Surface ◽  
The Relationship

Modeling Vibration-Induced Tire-Pavement Interaction Noise in the Mid-frequency Range

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling McBride ◽  
Ricardo Burdisso ◽  
Corina Sandu
Keyword(s):  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Normal Surface ◽  
Radiated Noise ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Effects Of Rotation

ABSTRACT Tire-pavement interaction noise (TPIN) is one of the main sources of exterior noise produced by vehicles traveling at greater than 50 kph. The dominant frequency content is typically within 500–1500 Hz. Structural tire vibrations are among the principal TPIN mechanisms. In this work, the structure of the tire is modeled and a new wave propagation solution to find its response is proposed. Multiple physical effects are accounted for in the formulation. In an effort to analyze the effects of curvature, a flat plate and a cylindrical shell model are presented. Orthotropic and nonuniform structural properties along the tire's transversal direction are included to account for differences between its sidewalls and belt. Finally, the effects of rotation and inflation pressure are also included in the formulation. Modeled frequency response functions are analyzed and validated. In addition, a new frequency-domain formulation is presented for the computation of input tread pattern contact forces. Finally, the rolling tire's normal surface velocity response is coupled with a boundary element model to demonstrate the radiated noise at the leading and trailing edge locations. These results are then compared with experimental data measured with an on-board sound intensity system.

scholarly journals Comparative Time Series Analysis of Perceptual Responses to Electroacoustic Music

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freya Bailes ◽  
Roger T. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Electroacoustic Music ◽  
Affective Content ◽  
Musical Expertise ◽  
Perceived Change ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Time Perceptions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Acoustic Measure

this study investigates the relationship between acoustic patterns in contemporary electroacoustic compositions, and listeners' real-time perceptions of their structure and affective content. Thirty-two participants varying in musical expertise (nonmusicians, classical musicians, expert computer musicians) continuously rated the affect (arousal and valence) and structure (change in sound) they perceived in four compositions of approximately three minutes duration. Time series analyses tested the hypotheses that sound intensity influences listener perceptions of structure and arousal, and spectral flatness influences perceptions of structure and valence. Results suggest that intensity strongly influences perceived change in sound, and to a lesser extent listener perceptions of arousal. Spectral flatness measures were only weakly related to listener perceptions, and valence was not strongly shaped by either acoustic measure. Differences in response by composition and musical expertise suggest that, particularly with respect to the perception of valence, individual experience (familiarity and liking), and meaningful sound associations mediate perception.

Study of the Relationship Between Hearing Loss and Cognitive Performance at Chronic Exposure to Noise

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iraj Alimohammadi ◽  
Fakhradin Ahmadi Kanrash ◽  
Shahram Vosoughi ◽  
Jamileh Abolaghasemi ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Chalak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
P Value ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Noise is considered as one of the most significant and dangerous physical factors in work environments, and due to the advancement of industries, it has become a threat to physical and psychological health in the current era. In addition to its undesirable effects on the hearing system, noise can have harmful non-auditory effects that may cause physiological disorders and cognitive impairment. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hearing loss and workers’ cognitive performance in an industrial environment. Methods: A total of 300 individuals were enrolled in this study after their informed consent was obtained, and their compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria was confirmed. Based on the sound intensity level, the individuals were classified into two groups of exposure to > 85 dB (n = 196) and ≤ 85 dB (n = 104). To measure the individuals’ occupational exposure at an 8-hour equivalent level based on the ISO 9612: 2009 standard, the Testo device (Model CEL-815) was used with the precision of 0.5 dB. The most common weighting that is used in noise measurement is A-weighting. Like the human ear, this effectively cuts off the lower and higher frequencies that the average person cannot hear. The DANPLEX-AS54 device was also used to check audiometry. To investigate the workers’ hearing performance, two psychological tests, namely Stroop and TOL, were used as well. Results: Hearing loss was higher among workers exposed to a sound intensity level of > 85 dB than those exposed to a sound intensity level of ≤ 85 dB, and this difference was significant in all sound level frequencies (NIHL left ear: for ≤ 85 dB: 25.92 and for > 85 dB: 27.49) (NIHL right ear: for ≤ 85 dB: 27.62 and for > 85 dB: 29.50) (P value < 0.05). The results showed a significant positive relationship between cognitive indicators and hearing loss (P value < 0.05). Moreover, the study of cognitive indicators in the two groups revealed that the mean change of cognitive performance indicators was higher among subjects exposed to a higher sound intensity level (P value < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that noise-induced hearing loss in work environments had a significant positive relationship with cognitive indicators. In other words, an increase in the hearing loss level would result in changes in cognitive indicators such as number of errors and response time.

scholarly journals The relationship between subglacial water pressure and velocity of Findelengletscher, Switzerland, during its advance and retreat

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (144) ◽  
pp. 328-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almut Iken ◽  
Martin Truffe
Keyword(s):  
Water Pressure ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Pressure Surface ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFindelengletscher, Switzerland, advanced about 250 m between 1979 and 1985, and retreated thereafter. Subglacial water pressure, surface velocity and surface strain rate were determined at several sites. The measurements were made early in the melt seasons of 1980, 1982, 1985 and 1994 and in the autumn of 1983 and the winter of 1984. Changes of surface geometry were assessed from aerial photographs.The estimated basal shear stress changed little between 1982 and 1994. Nevertheless, large changes in the relationship of subglacial water pressure and surface velocity were observed, which cannot be reconciled with the most commonly used sliding law unless it is modified substantially. Consideration of possible reasons indícales that a change in the subglacial drainage system occurred, probably involving a change in the degree of cavity interconnection. Isolated cavities damp the variations in sliding velocity that normally result from changes in water pressure, because the pressure in isolated cavities decreases as the sliding speed increases. In contrast, by transmitting water-pressure fluctuations to a larger area of the bed, interconnected cavities amplify the effect of water-pressure fluctuations on sliding speed. Thus, we suggest that an observed decrease in velocity (for a given water pressure) between 1982 and 1994 was a consequence of a decrease in the interconnectedness of the subglacial cavity system.

Topology Optimization of Passive Constrained Layer Damping on Plates with Respect to Noise Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 774-776 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Ying Feng Lei ◽  
Wei Guang Zheng ◽  
Qi Bai Huang ◽  
Chuan Bing Li
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Harmonic Excitation ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Viscoelastic Layer ◽  
Constrained Layer Damping ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Normal Surface ◽  
Simple Interface ◽  
Passive Constrained Layer Damping

The square of normal surface velocity of a thin plate with a harmonic excitation is minimized by optimizing the topologies of attached passive constrained layer damping (PCLD) treatments. An extended solid isotropic material with penalization model for topology optimization is introduced based on a simple interface finite element modeling for viscoelastic layer of PCLD patch. For the purpose of illustrating the proposed method, a clamped square plate is used in the numerical study. Significant reductions of the objective functions are achieved by the optimal distributions.

The relationship between CR3 deficiency and neutrophil actin assembly

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1973-1979
Author(s):  
FS Southwick ◽  
TH Howard ◽  
T Holbrook ◽  
DC Anderson ◽  
TP Stossel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filament ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Actin Assembly ◽  
Normal Surface ◽  
Filament Assembly ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Concentrations

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with a deficiency of the complement receptor type 3 (CR3) membrane glycoprotein family have impairments in the ability to adhere to surfaces as well as chemotactic and phagocytic defects, processes that require a functional contractile apparatus. PMN from the patient with neutrophil actin dysfunction (NAD) displayed similar functional characteristics to those with CR3 deficiency suggesting the two disorders may be the same disease. In order to evaluate the relationship between CR3 deficiency and actin assembly, actin filament assembly was measured in PMN from six previously reported homozygotes (two severe and four moderate CR3-deficient patients) as well as five heterozygotes for CR3 deficiency. PMN from all patients had normal unstimulated concentrations of F-actin and after exposure to the chemotactic peptide FMLP (5 x 10(-7) mol/L for 5 to 40 seconds at 25 degrees C) assembled actin normally. Pretreatment of normal PMN with concentrations of monoclonal anti-alpha CR3 antibody, capable of blocking PMN adherence, also failed to impair FMLP- induced actin filament assembly. CR3 glycoprotein expression was measured in PMNs from the mother, father, and older sister of the NAD patient (N Engl J Med 291:1093, 1974). Actin filament assembly was recently shown to be defective in PMNs from all three family members. The total concentrations of the alpha and beta CR3 subunits were below normal in PMN detergent extracts from the mother (25% of simultaneous controls) and older sister (56% of control). PMN surface expression of these two subunits was also found to be depressed (mother, 50%; older sister, 63% of control). These findings suggest these two NAD family members are heterozygote carriers for CR3 deficiency as well as NAD. Simultaneous studies of the father, however, demonstrated normal total concentrations of both the alpha and beta CR3 subunits (126% of controls) as well as normal surface expression of both subunits after phorbol myristate acetate stimulation and incubation at 37 degrees C (mean, 112% of controls) but slightly lower than normal levels after FMLP stimulation (mean, 83%). These findings indicate that CR3 deficiency generally is not associated with defective actin filament assembly and support the conclusion that NAD represents a unique kindred in which PMN actin function differs from previously reported genotypes of CR3 deficiency.

Electronic Analysis of Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles in Canine Sound Production

2002 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Broniatowski ◽  
David R. Nelson ◽  
Robert W. Shields ◽  
Sharon Grundfest-Broniatowski ◽  
Raymond Dessoffy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Recruitment Rate ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Tracheal Insufflation ◽  
Humidified Air ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the relationship between voice production and intrinsic laryngeal muscle (ILM) activities as expressed by orderly recruitment of their specific motor units. In 5 dogs, both the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) were stimulated via tripolar electrodes with stimulating frequencies (Fs) of 10 to 60 Hz and 0 to 7 mA during application of symmetric 600 Hz, 7 to 0 mA blocking currents. The fundamental frequency (F0) and the intensity (I) of sounds generated by tracheal insufflation of humidified air were recorded while electromyograms of the cricothyroideus (CT), thyroarytenoideus (TA), and posterior cricoarytenoideus (PCA) were obtained via surface electrodes. Contractions of the CT were concurrently induced by stimulating the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). The recruitment rates were highly specific and were affected by which nerve was stimulated. For the RLN, PCA ramping was lowest for Fs of ≤50 Hz. For Fs of 10 to 30 Hz, the recruitment rate of the TA was significantly steeper than that for the other ILMs, and the CT had the highest rate for Fs of 40 to 50 Hz. Conversely, for the vagus nerve, PCA recruitment was highest for Fs of ≥30 Hz. The average F0 was significantly higher with the RLN than with the vagus nerve. When the TA recruited faster than the CT (ie, via the RLN, but not the vagus nerve), the F0 was higher. While only CT ramping was significantly related to changes in sound intensity, there was a trend toward a decrease when PCA ramping was higher than CT ramping, as occurred when only the vagus nerve was stimulated. Stimulation of the SLN always increased F0 and loudness. We conclude that changes in F0 occur mainly through RLN-mediated CT and TA contraction. Loudness is controlled by the CT. The PCA exerts reciprocal coupling on both functions via the vagus nerve, and they are boosted across the board by the SLN. These findings may allow artificial manipulation of voice.

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