Evolution of neuronal mechanisms for echolocation: Specializations for target-range computation in bats of the genusPteronotus

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem provides an in-depth reference to the organization and function of ascending and descending auditory pathways in the mammalian brainstem. Individual chapters are organized along the auditory pathway, beginning with the cochlea and ending with the auditory midbrain. Each chapter provides an introduction to the respective area and summarizes our current knowledge before discussing the disputes and challenges that the field currently faces.The handbook emphasizes the numerous forms of plasticity that are increasingly observed in many areas of the auditory brainstem. Several chapters focus on neuronal modulation of function and plasticity on the synaptic, neuronal, and circuit level, especially during development, aging, and following peripheral hearing loss. In addition, the book addresses the role of trauma-induced maladaptive plasticity with respect to its contribution in generating central hearing dysfunction, such as hyperacusis and tinnitus.The book is intended for students and postdoctoral fellows starting in the auditory field and for researchers of related fields who wish to get an authoritative and up-to-date summary of the current state of auditory brainstem research. For clinical practitioners in audiology, otolaryngology, and neurology, the book is a valuable resource of information about the neuronal mechanisms that are currently discussed as major candidates for the generation of central hearing dysfunction.

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Transcriptome profiling of cells exposed to particular and intense electromagnetic radiation emitted by the "SG-III" prototype laser facility

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81642-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiangbin Wei ◽

Qiwu Shi ◽

Lidan Xiong ◽

Guang Xin ◽

Tao Yi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Damage ◽

Pc12 Cells ◽

Inertial Confinement Fusion ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Target Chamber ◽

Target Range ◽

Inertial Confinement ◽

Laser Facility

AbstractThe experiment of inertial confinement fusion by the “ShengGuang (SG)-III” prototype laser facility is a transient and extreme reaction process within several nanoseconds, which could form a very complicated and intense electromagnetic field around the target chamber of the facility and may lead to harmful effect on people around. In particular, the biological effects arising from such specific environment field could hardly be ignored and have never been investigated yet, and thus, we reported on the investigation of the biological effects of radiation on HaCat cells and PC12 cells to preliminarily assess the biological safety of the target range of the "SG-III" prototype laser facility. The viability revealed that the damage of cells was dose-dependent. Then we compared the transcriptomes of exposed and unexposed PC12 cells by RNA-Seq analysis based on Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform and found that most significantly differentially expressed genes with corresponding Gene Ontology terms and pathways were strongly involved in proliferation, transformation, necrosis, inflammation response, apoptosis and DNA damage. Furthermore, we find increase in the levels of several proteins responsible for cell-cycle regulation and tumor suppression, suggesting that pathways or mechanisms regarding DNA damage repair was are quickly activated. It was found that "SG-III" prototype radiation could induce DNA damage and promote apoptotic necrosis.

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Filter lifetimes of different hemodiafiltration membrane materials in dogs: reevaluation of the optimal anticoagulant dosage

Renal Replacement Therapy ◽

10.1186/s41100-021-00323-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hiroko Yuzawa ◽

Yousuke Hirose ◽

Tomonori Kimura ◽

Keisuke Shinozaki ◽

Moe Oguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽

Target Range ◽

Membrane Material ◽

Actual Clinical Practice ◽

Membrane Materials ◽

Filter Membrane ◽

Hemorrhagic Complications ◽

Materials Used ◽

Nafamostat Mesylate

Abstract Background In continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), administration of anticoagulants is necessary for achieving a certain level of filter lifetime. Generally, anticoagulant doses are controlled to keep activated partial thromboplastin time and other indicators within a certain target range, regardless of the membrane materials used for the filter. However, in actual clinical practice, the filter lifetime varies significantly depending on the membrane material used. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that the minimum anticoagulant dose necessary for prolonging the filter lifetime while reducing the risk of hemorrhagic complications varies depending on the type of membrane. Methods In three beagles, hemodiafiltration was performed with hemofilters using polysulfone (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and AN69ST membranes separately. The minimum dose of nafamostat mesylate (NM) that would allow for 6 h of hemodiafiltration (required dose) was investigated for each membrane material. Results The NM doses required for 6 h of hemodiafiltration were 2 mg/kg/h for the PS membrane, 6 mg/kg/h for the PMMA membrane, and 6 mg/kg/h for the AN69ST membrane. Conclusion For hemodiafiltration performed in beagles, the required NM dose varied for each filter membrane material. Using the optimal anticoagulant dose for each membrane material would allow for safer CRRT performance.

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