Short‐term poststimulatory response characteristics of the human acoustic stapedius reflex: Monotic and dichotic stimulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony T. Cacace ◽  
Robert H. Margolis ◽  
Evan M. Relkin
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Dichotic Stimulation ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Stapedius Reflex

scholarly journals Short-Term Dose–Response Characteristics of 2-Iminobiotin Immediately Postinsult in the Neonatal Piglet After Hypoxia-Ischemia

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tracey Bjorkman ◽  
Zoe Ireland ◽  
Xiyong Fan ◽  
Willem M. van der Wal ◽  
Kit C.B. Roes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Neonatal Piglet ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia

Empirical Procedures for Long-Term Prediction of Fatigue Damage for an Instrumented Marine Riser

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shi ◽  
L. Manuel ◽  
M. A. Tognarelli
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Damage Estimation ◽  
Current Profile ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Slender marine risers used in deepwater applications can experience vortex-induced vibration (VIV). It is becoming increasingly common for field monitoring campaigns to be undertaken wherein data loggers such as strain sensors and/or accelerometers are installed on such risers to aid in VIV-related fatigue damage estimation. Such damage estimation relies on the application of empirical procedures that make use of the collected data. This type of damage estimation can be undertaken for different current profiles encountered. The empirical techniques employed make direct use of the measurements and key components in the analyszes (such as participating riser modes selected for use in damage estimation) are intrinsically dependent on the actual current profiles. Fatigue damage predicted in this manner is in contrast to analytical approaches that rely on simplifying assumptions on both the flow conditions and the response characteristics. Empirical fatigue damage estimates conditional on current profile type can account explicitly even for complex response characteristics, participating riser modes, etc. With significant amounts of data, it is possible to establish “short-term” fatigue damage rate distributions conditional on current type. If the relative frequency of different current types is known from metocean studies, the short-term fatigue distributions can be combined with the current distributions to yield integrated “long-term” fatigue damage rate distributions. Such a study is carried out using data from the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) model riser subject to several sheared and uniform current profiles and with assumed probabilities for different current conditions. From this study, we seek to demonstrate the effectiveness of empirical techniques utilized in combination with field measurements to predict the long-term fatigue damage and the fatigue failure probability.

Empirical Procedures for Long-Term Prediction of Fatigue Damage for an Instrumented Marine Riser

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shi ◽  
L. Manuel ◽  
M. A. Tognarelli
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Damage Estimation ◽  
Current Profile ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Slender marine risers used in deepwater applications can experience vortex-induced vibration (VIV). It is becoming increasingly common for field monitoring campaigns to be undertaken wherein data loggers such as strain sensors and/or accelerometers are installed on such risers to aid in VIV-related fatigue damage estimation. Such damage estimation relies on the application of empirical procedures that make use of the collected data. This type of damage estimation can be undertaken for different current profiles encountered. The empirical techniques employed make direct use of the measurements and key components in the analyses (such as participating riser modes selected for use in damage estimation) are intrinsically dependent on the actual current profiles. Fatigue damage predicted in this manner is in contrast to analytical approaches that rely on simplifying assumptions on both the flow conditions and the response characteristics. Empirical fatigue damage estimates conditional on current profile type can account explicitly even for complex response characteristics, participating riser modes, etc. With significant amounts of data, it is possible to establish “short-term” fatigue damage rate distributions conditional on current type. If the relative frequency of different current types is known from metocean studies, the short-term fatigue distributions can be combined with the current distributions to yield integrated “long-term” fatigue damage rate distributions. Such a study is carried out using data from the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) model riser subject to several sheared and uniform current profiles and with assumed probabilities for different current conditions. From this study, we seek to demonstrate the effectiveness of empirical techniques utilized in combination with field measurements to predict long-term fatigue damage and life.

Short-Term Dose Response Characteristics of Acetazolamide in Man

1977 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1809-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Friedland ◽  
J. Mallonee ◽  
D. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Response Characteristics

The Simplified Method for the Wave Loads Statistical Characteristics Estimation in Stationary Confused Seas

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Davydov ◽  
G. V. Egorov ◽  
V. V. Kozlyakov
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Wave Loads ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shape Stability ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Combined Stresses ◽  
Definition Of

Practically relevant procedures of construction of the short-term and long-term distributions of wave loads and combined stresses at two- and three-dimensional waves is based on the rather cumbersome schemes of definition of the standards “σyi”, effective periods “Tyie” and correlation coefficients “ryiyi” of wave loads “yi”. These calculations can be made more visible and essentially simplified on the basis of the shape stability of the doubly-normalized amplitude-frequency (AFC) and mutual-frequency response characteristics (MFRC). All specific features of these characteristics are determined by their maximum values and frequencies of maxima. In the report the convenient formulae for estimation of σyi, Tyie and ryiyj are derived, and graphs of functions, determining them, for different wave loads are plotted. These relations allow to reveal major influencing factors and use them for construction of the short-term and long-term spectra of wave loads and stresses for full transport ships (CB > 0.75), including FPSO ships, for which non-linear and dynamic effects are expressed rather weakly.

scholarly journals Influence of Low-Temperature Charge on the Mechanical Integrity Behavior of 18650 Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Subject to Lateral Compression

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhai Gao ◽  
Xiaoting Zhang ◽  
Yang Xiao ◽  
Hao Gao ◽  
Huiyuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Electrode Surfaces ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Operation Temperature ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Cell Electrode ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The study on the damage tolerance and failure mechanism of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) subject to mechanical attack has attracted considerable attention. The electrochemical performance and thermal behavior of LIB were significantly affected by operation temperature and charging rate, but the dependence of these two factors on mechanical response remains unclear. Hence, we investigated how the environmental temperatures and rates in charging process affected the mechanical response characteristics of 18650 LIB cells. The onset of the short circuit in the cells which charged at temperatures above −25 °C occurred around their modulus peak under compression. At −25 °C, there was a strong possibility that a premature short circuit occurred locally in the cells during charging, thus they might show complex and variable mechanical response under compression. The failure moduli and crushing stresses of cells subject to compression tended to decrease as their ambient charging temperatures went down. Besides, 0.5 C-charged cells exhibited higher failure moduli and crushing stresses than the 1 C-charged cells above −20 °C. Morphology analyses of the cell electrode surfaces revealed that mossy lithium deposits became evident at temperatures below −10 °C. Furthermore, their distribution was uniform. Mechanical results also indicated that the short-term cycling at −20 °C and 0.5 C would soften the cell.

Factors governing the changes in strength of a partially inborn response, as shown by the mobbing behaviour of the chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs ) III. The interaction of short-term and long-term incremental and decremental effects

1961 ◽  
Vol 153 (952) ◽  
pp. 398-420 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Presentation ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Response Decrement ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Recovery Curves ◽  
Incremental Effect ◽  
Descriptive Sense ◽  
Mobbing Behaviour

When a chaffinch is shown a predator, the response (as indicated by the chink calls) increases for the first few minutes, and then slowly wanes. Some recovery occurs during about the first 30 min after the stimulus is removed, but it then virtually ceases. This suggests that two groups of processes are involved in the waning, one producing temporary effects, and the other more permanent ones. The experiments reported here were aimed at a further analysis of these processes. Two stimuli (a stuffed owl and a toy dog) were presented in all possible combinations (dog-dog, owl-owl, owl-dog and dog-owl) to wild-caught chaffinches. The lengths of the initial presentation and the rest interval were varied. The effects of the first presentation on four parameters of the second response were assessed in each case. The four parameters were the latency, the number of calls in the first 6 min, the minute in which the maximum number of calls occurred, and a measure of the rate at which the response waned. Owl was found to be a stronger stimulus than dog, but the relations between the various response characteristics were similar for both stimuli. For every stimulus sequence, the number of calls given in a second presentation after a long rest interval was smaller than the number given to the same stimulus by experimentally naïve birds. The decrement was greater in sequences where the same stimulus was repeated, the stimulus-specificity increasing with the length of the initial presentation. Increase in the length of the initial presentation resulted in a progressive decrease in the second response with owl-owl and dog-dog sequences, but an increase with the owl-dog sequence. The interrelations between the response characteristics were different on second presentations after a long rest interval from those found for initial responses. In particular, the latency decreased although the number of calls also decreased. The results can be understood in terms of an interaction between long-term incremental and decremental effects. The evidence for the incremental effect comes from three independent sources—from the changes in latency, from the increase in the response to dog presented 24 h after owl with lengthening of the initial presentation, and from some additional experiments with owl models. With short rest intervals the response decrement was greater than with long ones, and was also different in kind (as indicated by differences in the relations between the response charac­teristics). There was no clear evidence that the short-term effects were stimulus-specific. Here again there appear to be incremental effects interacting with the decremental ones, the evidence for the former coming from the initial warming up phase of all responses, irregulari­ties in the recovery curves, and additional experiments with a very short initial presentation. It is concluded that concepts like habituation, extinction, adaptation and fatigue, while useful in a descriptive sense, must not be taken to imply a unitary underlying process.

scholarly journals Should Waste Separation Be Mandatory? A Study on Public’s Response to the Policies in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Hou ◽  
Yujing Jin ◽  
Feiyu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Data Mining Technique ◽  
The Public ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Big Data Mining ◽  
Mining Technique ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Waste Separation ◽  
Chinese Public

The implementation of effective waste separation policy is an important pathway to guide the public to actively participate in the waste separation action. This study focused on exploring the Chinese public’s response to the rigid and flexible waste separation policies from the perspectives of understanding, willingness to support, and willingness to implement. We used a big data mining technique to obtain 10,057 entries of the Chinese public’s response to the mandatory waste separation policy. The results showed that “public’s understanding–support willingness-implement willingness” regarding mandatory waste separation policy was characterized by a U-shaped response. Specifically, the public’s understanding and willingness to implement the rigid waste separation policy were relatively high in the short term, but their willingness to support this policy was relatively low and became increasingly low over time. Particularly, “troublesome” implementation was deemed to the main reason for the public’s low willingness to support the rigid waste separation policy. In addition, we further obtained the sample data of the Chinese public regarding the flexible waste separation policy through the situational survey. Contrary to the response characteristics of mandatory waste separation policy, the results showed that “public’s understanding-support willingness-implement willingness” regarding flexible waste separation policy was characterized by an inverted U-shaped response, and the Chinese public showed more positive sentiment regarding the willingness to support and implement. The results have important implications for guiding the public to actively participate in the waste separation action.

scholarly journals Discrimination of Motion Direction in a Robot Using a Phenomenological Model of Synaptic Plasticity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Nareg Berberian ◽  
Matt Ross ◽  
Sylvain Chartier
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Response Property ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Orientation Stimulus ◽  
Robotic Agent ◽  
Complementary Mechanism

Recognizing and tracking the direction of moving stimuli is crucial to the control of much animal behaviour. In this study, we examine whether a bio-inspired model of synaptic plasticity implemented in a robotic agent may allow the discrimination of motion direction of real-world stimuli. Starting with a well-established model of short-term synaptic plasticity (STP), we develop a microcircuit motif of spiking neurons capable of exhibiting preferential and nonpreferential responses to changes in the direction of an orientation stimulus in motion. While the robotic agent processes sensory inputs, the STP mechanism introduces direction-dependent changes in the synaptic connections of the microcircuit, resulting in a population of units that exhibit a typical cortical response property observed in primary visual cortex (V1), namely, direction selectivity. Visually evoked responses from the model are then compared to those observed in multielectrode recordings from V1 in anesthetized macaque monkeys, while sinusoidal gratings are displayed on a screen. Overall, the model highlights the role of STP as a complementary mechanism in explaining the direction selectivity and applies these insights in a physical robot as a method for validating important response characteristics observed in experimental data from V1, namely, direction selectivity.

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