Factors in the discrimination of tonal patterns. I. Component frequency, temporal position, and silent intervals

1975 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1175-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Watson ◽  
Henry W. Wroton ◽  
William J. Kelly ◽  
Carole A. Benbassat
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Position ◽  
Tonal Patterns

scholarly journals Comparing different wavelet transforms on removing electrocardiogram baseline wanders and special trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Chen Chen ◽  
Fuchiang Rich Tsui
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transforms ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Clinical Decision Support Systems ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Step Functions ◽  
Baseline Wander ◽  
Ecg Data

Abstract Background Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, an important indicator for heart problems, is commonly corrupted by a low-frequency baseline wander (BW) artifact, which may cause interpretation difficulty or inaccurate analysis. Unlike current state-of-the-art approach using band-pass filters, wavelet transforms can accurately capture both time and frequency information of a signal. However, extant literature is limited in applying wavelet transforms (WTs) for baseline wander removal. In this study, we aimed to evaluate 5 wavelet families with a total of 14 wavelets for removing ECG baseline wanders from a semi-synthetic dataset. Methods We created a semi-synthetic ECG dataset based on a public QT Database on Physionet repository with ECG data from 105 patients. The semi-synthetic ECG dataset comprised ECG excerpts from the QT database superimposed with artificial baseline wanders. We extracted one ECG excerpt from each of 105 patients, and the ECG excerpt comprised 14 s of randomly selected ECG data. Twelve baseline wanders were manually generated, including sinusoidal waves, spikes and step functions. We implemented and evaluated 14 commonly used wavelets up to 12 WT levels. The evaluation metric was mean-square-error (MSE) between the original ECG excerpt and the processed signal with artificial BW removed. Results Among the 14 wavelets, Daubechies-3 wavelet and Symlets-3 wavelet with 7 levels of WT had best performance, MSE = 0.0044. The average MSEs for sinusoidal waves, step, and spike functions were 0.0271, 0.0304, 0.0199 respectively. For artificial baseline wanders with spikes or step functions, wavelet transforms in general had lower performance in removing the BW; however, WTs accurately located the temporal position of an impulse edge. Conclusions We found wavelet transforms in general accurately removed various baseline wanders. Daubechies-3 and Symlets-3 wavelets performed best. The study could facilitate future real-time processing of streaming ECG signals for clinical decision support systems.

Influence of Future Possible Selves on Outcome Expectancies, Intended Behavior, and Academic Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 2320-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Barnett ◽  
Joseph Hernandez ◽  
Patrick R. Melugin
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Grade Point Average ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Academic Engagement ◽  
Possible Selves ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Good Grade

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether contact with future possible selves impacts individuals’ outcome expectancies, intended behaviors, and long-term outcomes with regard to academic performance. Specifically, we investigated whether having college students attempt to connect with an academically successful or unsuccessful future possible self through a message composition activity would impact their perceived likelihood of getting a good grade point average, intended academic engagement (i.e., intentions to attend class, study, etc.), and academic performance as measured by grade point average over two subsequent semesters. The study was novel in that we considered the role of temporal position—that is, the current self contacting a future possible self or a future possible self contacting the current self. Results found that students who composed a message from an academically unsuccessful future possible self to their current self had lower outcome expectancies—that is, they believed that they had less chance of obtaining a good grade point average—and lower intended academic engagement than a control group that composed a message to a friend; however, the groups did not vary in academic performance. It is possible that contact with a future possible self that was academically unsuccessful introduced a form of learned helplessness in those participants.

scholarly journals Evidence that D1 Processing Is Required for Manganese Binding and Extrinsic Protein Assembly into Photosystem II

2004 ◽  
Vol 279 (44) ◽  
pp. 45417-45422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnna L. Roose ◽  
Himadri B. Pakrasi
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Mutant Cell ◽  
Protein A ◽  
D1 Protein ◽  
Fluorescence Decay ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Decay Kinetics ◽  
Fluorescence Decay Kinetics ◽  
Extrinsic Proteins

Photosystem II (PSII) is a large membrane protein complex that catalyzes oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. During its normal function, PSII is damaged and frequently turned over. The maturation of the D1 protein, a key component in PSII, is a critical step in PSII biogenesis. The precursor form of D1 (pD1) contains a C-terminal extension, which is removed by the protease CtpA to yield PSII complexes with oxygen evolution activity. To determine the temporal position of D1 processing in the PSII assembly pathway, PSII complexes containing only pD1 were isolated from a CtpA-deficient strain of the cyanobacteriumSynechocystis6803. Although membranes from the mutant cell had nearly 50% manganese, no manganese was detected in isolated ΔctpAHT3 PSII, indicating a severely decreased manganese affinity. However, chlorophyll fluorescence decay kinetics after a single saturating flash suggested that the donor YZwas accessible to exogenous Mn2+ions. Furthermore, the extrinsic proteins PsbO, PsbU, and PsbV were not present in PSII isolated from this mutant. However, PsbO and PsbV were present in mutant membranes, but the amount of PsbV protein was consistently less in the mutant membranes compared with the control membranes. We conclude that D1 processing precedes manganese binding and assembly of the extrinsic proteins into PSII. Interestingly, the Psb27 protein was found to be more abundant in ΔctpAHT3 PSII than in HT3 PSII, suggesting a possible role of Psb27 as an assembly factor during PSII biogenesis.

1.2 Method of constant stimuli (Method of frequency) By the Method of Frequency the stimulus range is selected in discrete intervals so that the frequency of positive answers is distributed over the range between 1% and 99%. In general, the frequency of positive res­ ponses either for an individual or for a group, is cumulatively normally distributed over a geometric intensity continuum. The absolute odor thre­ shold can then be defined as the effective dose corresponding to an arbi­ trarily selected frequency of positive responses, ordinarily 50% : ED^: Effective dose at the 50% level. 3.1.3 Signal detection The Signal Detection principle is a determination of the relation­ ship between hits and false alarms. In determining signal detectability, a stimulus or a few stimuli are presented in random order, alternating with noise. Since sensory impressions resulting frcm the presentation of stimulus versus noise are assumed to be normally distributed over the same intensity continuum and to have the same dispersion, the index of detectability d' for p (hits) minus p (false) indicates the extent to which the two distributions overlap. 3.2 Indication of response 3.2.1 "Yes" or "no" response In the classical evaluation yes-no answers are dependent on the sub­ jects1 honesty and motivation among other factors. However, yes-no ans­ wers may be evaluated if they are presented a sufficiently large number of times alternating with blanks. 3.2.2 forced choice technique One method of controlling response perseveration and otter antici­ pation factors is to use a forced choice response indication based on two or more response categories. In the measurement of odors the panelist has to report the temporal position of positive stimuli in a series of randan blanks. If the concentration is below the threshold, the test sub­ jects will guess. As the odorant concentration will increase, the rela­ tive cumulative frequency for identification of the correct sample will be greater. In order to determine the relative odor recognition a cor­ rection must be made. 3.3 Size of stimulus intervals 3.3.1 Concentration intervals In selecting the stimulus continuum in threshold determination, the relation between just noticeable difference in relation to the intensity of stimuli is of interest. In accordance with Weber's law this quotient is assumed to be a constant. Therefore it would appear best to determine absolute thresholds on an intensity continuum in the form of a gecxnetric progression. 3.2.2 Time intervals Because of adaptation processes the exposure time until reaching a decision should be limited. Also the interval between two stimuli must be observed.

1986 ◽  
pp. 71-71
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Stimulus Range ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Normally Distributed

scholarly journals SEQUENTIAL PHOTOGRAPHY OF COASTAL WATER

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Maynard M. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Density Control ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Digital Or

Sequential photographs from aircraft and satellites provide a source of data for studying dynamic features of coastal waters. Procedures for detecting features in sequential photos follow two approaches; (1) application of sequential signatures, (2) simple comparative analysis. For quantitative analyses images of two or more frames must have proper registration and comparable tones, i.e. tones free of photographic variance from film processing, varying exposure and solar illumination. After a normalization correction for variance is determined through use of density control points, density of successive frames is measured with a microdensitometer, the correction is a.pplied and tonal differences determined. Such differences relate to the time character of a feature and to causal processes. Application of correction values and numerical differencing is best accomplished in a digital or computerized densitometer. However, corrections and differencing can also be accomplished graphically from line traces or plots of an objective densitometer. Application of the procedures is demonstrated by analyses of tonal patterns of suspended sediment concentration in an estuary.

scholarly journals Temporal variability predicts the magnitude of between-group attentional blink differences in developmental dyslexia: a meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A Badcock ◽  
Joanna C Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
The Difference

Background. Here we report on a meta-analysis of the attentional blink (AB) research focussed on specific reading impairment, commonly referred to as developmental dyslexia. The AB effect relates to a limitation in the allocation of attention over time and examined in a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. When the second target appears in close temporal proximity to the first target, the second target is reported less accurately. Method. A Web of Science search with terms 'dyslexia attentional blink' returned 13 AB experiments (11 papers) conducted with developmental dyslexia (9 were included in this meta-analysis). The main pattern of performance was lower overall accuracy in groups of individuals with dyslexia relative to typically reading peers. That is, a between-group main effect. This meta-analysis examined the size of the between-group effect in relation to physical presentation characteristics, which differed between and within experiments. Results. Four noteworthy variables were related to the between group effect-size; fixation duration (positive relationship, R2 = .89, p <.01, n = 6), maximum temporal position of T2 (negative relationship, R2 = .46, p <.05, n = 9), the difference between the minimum and maximum temporal position of T2 (negative relationship, R2 = .53, p <.05, n = 9), and the stimulus onset asynchrony (negative relationship, R2 = .46, p <.05, n = 9). Discussion. These are discussed with respect to the preparation of task-set, temporal orienting, and speed of processing, recommending these as considerations for future research.

scholarly journals Lexical tone contrast in Izon as ubiquitous floating tone

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Rolle
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Low Tone

This paper establishes the lexical tone contrasts in the Nigerian language Izon, focusing on evidence for floating tone. Many tonal languages show effects of floating tone, though typically in a restricted way, such as occurring with only a minority of morphemes, or restricted to certain grammatical environments. For Izon, the claim here is that all lexical items sponsor floating tone, making it ubiquitous across the lexicon and as common as pre-associated tone. The motivation for floating tone comes from the tonal patterns of morphemes in isolation and within tone groups. Based on these patterns, all lexical morphemes are placed into one of four tone classes defined according to which floating tones they end in. This paper provides extensive empirical support for this analysis and discusses several issues which emerge under ubiquitous floating tone. Issues include the principled allowance of OCP(T) violations, and the propensity for word-initial vowels and low tone to coincide.

scholarly journals Substance matters: a reply to Jardine (2016)

Phonology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Pater
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Constraint Set ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Formal Distinction

Jardine (2016) claims that tonal phonology is more formally complex than the phonology of other segmental features, in that only tonal phonology goes beyond the class of weakly deterministic maps. He then goes on to argue that this formal distinction is superior to any available treatment in Optimality Theory. This reply points out that Jardine's formal distinction conflates attested and unattested tonal patterns, which can be distinguished in Optimality Theory, given a substantively defined constraint set.

Left anterior right temporal position and ultra‐brief pulse stimulus in the management of ect‐induced mania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofía Abascal‐Peiró ◽  
María L Barrigón ◽  
Enrique Baca‐García ◽  
Santiago Ovejero
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Position
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