scholarly journals Perceptual context effects of speech and nonspeech sounds: The role of auditory categories

2008 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 1695-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Aravamudhan ◽  
Andrew J. Lotto ◽  
John W. Hawks
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Nonspeech Sounds

scholarly journals Placebo interventions, placebo effects and clinical practice

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1572) ◽  
pp. 1905-1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Linde ◽  
Margrit Fässler ◽  
Karin Meissner
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Placebo Effects ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Placebo Intervention ◽  
Therapeutic Context

This article reviews the role of placebo interventions and placebo effects in clinical practice. We first describe the relevance of different perspectives among scientists, physicians and patients on what is considered a placebo intervention in clinical practice. We then summarize how placebo effects have been investigated in randomized controlled trials under the questionable premise that such effects are produced by placebo interventions. We further discuss why a shift of focus from the placebo intervention to the overall therapeutic context is necessary and what research methods can be used for the clinical investigation of the relevance of context effects. In the last part of the manuscript, we discuss why placebo or context effects are seen as positive in clinical practice when they are associated with active treatments, while placebo interventions pose major ethical and professional problems and have to be avoided.

Cognitive penetration: Would we know it if we saw it?

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-391
Author(s):  
Gillian Rhodes ◽  
Michael L. Kalish
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Cognitive Penetration ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Early Vision ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Perceptual Attention

How can the impenetrability hypothesis be empirically tested? We comment on the role of signal detection measures, suggesting that context effects on discriminations for which post-perceptual cues are irrelevant, or on neural activity associated with early vision, would challenge impenetrability. We also note the great computational power of the proposed pre-perceptual attention processes and consider the implications for testability of the theory.

scholarly journals Workforce education diversity, work organization and innovation propensity

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Bello-Pintado ◽  
Carlos Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Economics ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Capabilities Approach ◽  
Organizational Practices ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderating Role

PurposeDiversity of people, knowledge and resources has been identified as a determinant of firms' growth. This paper focusses on innovation propensity as a critical dimension of firm's growth path, aiming to analyse the effects of the firm's horizontal educational diversity (HED) on the propensity to conduct different technological innovation activities (TIAs). In addition, considering the evidence showing that these effects are neither direct nor linear, the authors analyse the moderating role of the firm's organizational practices oriented to knowledge sharing (KS) on the association between HED and the adoption of TIAs.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the theoretical arguments of the resource-based view (RBV), the evolutionary economics and the dynamic capabilities approach and related empirical evidences, the authors proposed four hypotheses regarding the effect of HED on TIAs and the moderating role of work organization practices oriented to promote KS. Empirically, the authors calculated different HED diversity indexes capturing two basic dimensions: variety and balance. Hence, using instrumental variables and panel data techniques to control endogeneity biases, the authors tested the proposed hypotheses using a data set of Uruguayan manufacturing firms between 2004 and 2015.FindingsIn line with previous evidence, results showed idiosyncratic context effects. The authors found a robust, linear, positive and significant relationship between HED and TIAs, but the effect can only be consistently associated with the adoption of internal or external research and development (R&D) activities. Moreover, the moderating role of work organization practices oriented to promote KS is positive and significant when firms engage in TIAs. For technological innovations that only involve the acquisiton of technology (AT), a positive effect is also observed but always associated to organizational practices oriented to promote KS.Originality/valueThis paper revisits the analysis of workforce diversity for a relatively less explored context. This research contributes to the field by linking HED and work organization practices to understand firm's innovation propensity in a developing context. Moreover, while other studies have focussed only on top management or R&D team diversity, the authors have analysed the whole professional's workforce. It allows the authors to discuss the effects of diversity on innovation propensity in the light of the ongoing debate on the effects of innovation in employment.

Temporal acuity for speech and nonspeech sounds: The role of stimulus uncertainty

1985 ◽  
Vol 77 (S1) ◽  
pp. S27-S27 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Watson ◽  
D. Kewley‐Port ◽  
D. C. Foyle
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Uncertainty ◽  
Temporal Acuity ◽  
Nonspeech Sounds

scholarly journals Cross-linguistic differences in categorical perception: Comparison of Danish and Norwegian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byurakn Ishkhanyan ◽  
Riccardo Fusaroli ◽  
Anders Højen ◽  
Kristian Tylén ◽  
Christer Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Context Effect ◽  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Sound Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Typological Variation

Are all languages processed in the same way, or might typological variation cause systematic differences between languages? We explore this question through a cross-linguistic comparison of categorical perception in two closely related languages, Danish and Norwegian. We employ drift diffusion models to reveal cross-linguistic differences in the role of context: Danish – a more phonologically-opaque language – shows equally strong context effects of both near and distal context, while Norwegian shows stronger context effect of near than distal context. We argue that the difference is due to a processing strategy: due to the more transparent sound structure of their language, Norwegians pay more attention to local acoustic information - while Danes, due to the opaque phonology of Danish, seem to use later-occurring contextual information to a larger extent. Indeed, when forcing participants to delay their decision until the full information is available, Norwegians show choice patterns more similar to those of Danes. Our findings highlight the importance of cross-linguistic studies, as even closely related languages like Danish and Norwegian, appear to be processed differently contingent on individual properties of the specific language.

Reasoned Persuasion

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Bernard Grofman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
New Information ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Process Theories ◽  
Dual Process Theories

There are many aspects to understanding the effects of persuasion, including the role of factors such as emotions, biases in cognitive processing, and context effects. This chapter, however, is limited to what it labels as “reasoned persuasion,” which we may think of as the “reasoned response” half of dual-process theories of persuasion. The chapter examines the role of beliefs and values primarily from a Bayesian perspective. It presents theoretical expectations derived from this perspective in terms of twenty-five propositions, with particular attention to the updating of beliefs based on new information received and on how persuasion ultimately affects behavior. Because these propositions follow logically from the key idea that choices are primarily, but not exclusively, a function of beliefs and values, these propositions have been labeled as “laws.”

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