Temporal acuity for speech and nonspeech sounds: The role of stimulus uncertainty

1985 ◽  
Vol 77 (S1) ◽  
pp. S27-S27 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Watson ◽  
D. Kewley‐Port ◽  
D. C. Foyle
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Uncertainty ◽  
Temporal Acuity ◽  
Nonspeech Sounds

scholarly journals A role of oligodendrocytes in information processing independent of conduction velocity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharlen Moore ◽  
Martin Meschkat ◽  
Torben Ruhwedel ◽  
Iva D. Tzvetanova ◽  
Andrea Trevisiol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Speech Understanding ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Temporal Acuity ◽  
Axonal Conduction ◽  
Stimulus Perception ◽  
Auditory Information Processing

AbstractMyelinating oligodendrocytes enable fast impulse propagation along axons as revealed through studies of homogeneously myelinated white matter tracts. However, gray matter myelination patterns are different, with sparsely myelinated sections leaving large portions of the axons naked. The consequences of this patchy myelination for oligodendrocyte function are not understood but suggest other roles in information processing beyond the regulation of axonal conduction velocity. Here, we analyzed the contribution of myelin to auditory information processing using paradigms that are good predictors of speech understanding in humans. We compared mice with different degrees of dysmyelination using acute cortical multiunit recordings in combination with behavioral readouts. We identified complex alterations of neuronal responses that reflect fatigue and temporal acuity deficits. Partially discriminable but overall similar deficits were observed in mice with oligodendrocytes that can myelinate but cannot fully support axons metabolically. Thus, myelination contributes to sustained stimulus perception in temporally complex paradigms, revealing a role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS beyond the increase of axonal conduction velocity.

scholarly journals Neural basis of somatosensory target detection independent of uncertainty, relevance, and reports

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Schröder ◽  
Timo Torsten Schmidt ◽  
Felix Blankenburg
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Stimulus Uncertainty ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Frontoparietal Network

Research on somatosensory awareness has yielded highly diverse findings with putative neural correlates ranging from activity within somatosensory cortex to activation of widely distributed frontoparietal networks. Divergent results from previous studies may reside in cognitive processes that often coincide with stimulus awareness in experimental settings. To scrutinise the specific relevance of regions implied in the target detection network, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (n = 27) on a novel somatosensory detection task that explicitly controls for stimulus uncertainty, behavioural relevance, overt reports, and motor responses. Using Bayesian Model Selection, we show that responses reflecting target detection are restricted to secondary somatosensory cortex, whereas activity in insular, cingulate, and motor regions is best explained in terms of stimulus uncertainty and overt reports. Our results emphasise the role of sensory-specific cortex for the emergence of perceptual awareness and dissect the contribution of the frontoparietal network to classical detection tasks.

scholarly journals Perceptual context effects of speech and nonspeech sounds: The role of auditory categories

2008 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 1695-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Aravamudhan ◽  
Andrew J. Lotto ◽  
John W. Hawks
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Nonspeech Sounds

scholarly journals A role of oligodendrocytes in information processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharlen Moore ◽  
Martin Meschkat ◽  
Torben Ruhwedel ◽  
Andrea Trevisiol ◽  
Iva D. Tzvetanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Temporal Acuity ◽  
Stimulus Perception ◽  
Auditory Information Processing ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Activity Dependent

Abstract Myelinating oligodendrocytes enable fast propagation of action potentials along the ensheathed axons. In addition, oligodendrocytes play diverse non-canonical roles including axonal metabolic support and activity-dependent myelination. An open question remains whether myelination also contributes to information processing in addition to speeding up conduction velocity. Here, we analyze the role of myelin in auditory information processing using paradigms that are also good predictors of speech understanding in humans. We compare mice with different degrees of dysmyelination using acute multiunit recordings in the auditory cortex, in combination with behavioral readouts. We find complex alterations of neuronal responses that reflect fatigue and temporal acuity deficits. We observe partially discriminable but similar deficits in well myelinated mice in which glial cells cannot fully support axons metabolically. We suggest a model in which myelination contributes to sustained stimulus perception in temporally complex paradigms, with a role of metabolically active oligodendrocytes in cortical information processing.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

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