Precision Wafer Stepper Utilizing A Two-Dimensional Optical Encoder

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Dey
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Optical Encoder

Optical encoder based on Fractional-Talbot effect using two-dimensional phase grating

2010 ◽  
Vol 283 (9) ◽  
pp. 1950-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Fen Kao ◽  
Hung-Lin Huang ◽  
Sheng-Hua Lu
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Talbot Effect ◽  
Optical Encoder ◽  
Phase Grating

scholarly journals Ultra-fast and compact all-optical encoder based on photonic crystal nano-resonator without using nonlinear materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Olyaee
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Quantum Electronics ◽  
Logic Gate ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Ring Resonators ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Optical Logic ◽  
Optical Encoder ◽  
All Optical

In this paper an ultra-compact all-optical encoder is presented by using a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The designed logic gate is based on the interference effect. The proposed structure consists of several photonic crystal waveguides connected by 2 nano-resonators. The nano-resonators are designed to reduce the size of the radius of the dielectric rods. The contrast ratios and delay time for the proposed all-optical encoder are respectively 6 dB and 125 fs. The size of the structure is equal to 132 µm2. Equality of the output power in the logic states “one”, the small dimensions, the low delay time, compact and simple structure have shown that the logic gate is suitable for the using in optical integrated circuits. Full Text: PDF ReferencesA. Salmanpour, Sh. Mohammadnejad, A. Bahrami, "Photonic crystal logic gates: an overview", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 2249 (2015). CrossRef S. C. Xavier, B. E. Carolin, A. p. Kabilan, W. Johnson, "Compact photonic crystal integrated circuit for all-optical logic operation", IET Optoelectronics. 10, 142 (2016). CrossRef Y. Miyoshi, K. Ikeda, H. Tobioka, T. Inoue, S. Namiki, K. Kitayama, "Ultrafast all-optical logic gate using a nonlinear optical loop mirror based multi-periodic transfer function", Optics Express. 16, 2570 (2008). CrossRef D. K. Gayen, A. Bhattachryya, T. Chattopadhyay, J. N. Roy, "Ultrafast All-Optical Half Adder Using Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer", Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30, 3387 (2012). CrossRef A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, "All-optical NOT and XOR logic gates using photonic crystal nano-resonator and based on an interference effect", IET Optoelectronics. 12, 191 (2018). CrossRef Z. Mohebbi, N. Nozhat, F. Emami, "High contrast all-optical logic gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal", Optics Communications. 355, 130 (2015). CrossRef M. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. Ghadrdan, "Full-optical tunable add/drop filter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators", Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications. 21, 44 (2016). CrossRef H. Alipour-Banaei, S. Serajmohammadi, F. Mehdizadeh, "Effect of scattering rods in the frequency response of photonic crystal demultiplexers", Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 17, 259 (2015). DirectLink A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, H. Arman, "Optical Biochemical Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonators for the Detection of Protein Concentration", Current Nanoscience. 13, 421 (2017). CrossRef S. Olyaee, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, "Designing a novel photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biosensor application", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 1881 (2015). CrossRef F. Parandin, R. Malmir, M. Naseri, A. Zahedi, "Reconfigurable all-optical NOT, XOR, and NOR logic gates based on two dimensional photonic crystals", Superlattices and Microstructures. 113, 737 (2018). CrossRef F. Mehdizadeh, M. Soroosh, H. Alipour-Banaei, "Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals", IET Optoelectronics. 11, 29 (2017). CrossRef M. Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, R. Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, H. Alipour-Banaei, "A novel all optical reversible 4 × 2 encoder based on photonic crystals", Optik. 126, 2368 (2015). CrossRef T. A. Moniem, "All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators", Journal of Modern Optics. 63, 735 (2016). CrossRef S. Gholamnejad, M. Zavvari, "Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary encoder based on photonic crystal", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 49, 302 (2017). CrossRef H. Seif-Dargahi, "Ultra-fast all-optical encoder using photonic crystal-based ring resonators", Photonic Network Communications. 36, 272 (2018). CrossRef S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, and M. Sardari, "Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra-compacted size", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 50, 12 (2018). CrossRef C. J. Wu, C. P. Liu, Z. Ouyang, "Compact and low-power optical logic NOT gate based on photonic crystal waveguides without optical amplifiers and nonlinear materials", Applied Optics.51, 680 (2012). CrossRef Y. C. Jiang, S. B. Liu, H. F. Zhang, X. K. Kong. "Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals", Optics Communications. 348, 90 (2015). CrossRef A. Salmanpour, S. Mohammadnejad, P. T. Omran, "All-optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 3689 (2015). CrossRef E. H. Shaik, N. Rangaswamy, "Single photonic crystal structure for realization of NAND and NOR logic functions by cascading basic gates", Journal of Computational Electronics. 17, 337 (2018). CrossRef

Spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Progress Report ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
Made In

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

A one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lecar
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Motion Picture ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Phase Space Distribution ◽  
Dimensional Phase Space ◽  
The Mean

“Dynamical mixing”, i.e. relaxation of a stellar phase space distribution through interaction with the mean gravitational field, is numerically investigated for a one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas. Qualitative results are presented in the form of a motion picture of the flow of phase points (representing homogeneous slabs of stars) in two-dimensional phase space.

Analysis of the 9th November 1990 flare

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 229-232
Author(s):  
Anita Joshi ◽  
Wahab Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Temporal Behaviour ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Dimensional Measurements ◽  
Processing Software ◽  
Image Processing Software

AbstractIn this paper we present complete two-dimensional measurements of the observed brightness of the 9th November 1990Hαflare, using a PDS microdensitometer scanner and image processing software MIDAS. The resulting isophotal contour maps, were used to describe morphological-cum-temporal behaviour of the flare and also the kernels of the flare. Correlation of theHαflare with SXR and MW radiations were also studied.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Instrumentation For Quantitative Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 206-209
Author(s):  
B. Ralph ◽  
A.R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Phase Volume Fraction ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Automatic Data Collection ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

In all fields of microscopy there is an increasing interest in the quantification of microstructure. This interest may stem from a desire to establish quality control parameters or may have a more fundamental requirement involving the derivation of parameters which partially or completely define the three dimensional nature of the microstructure. This latter categorey of study may arise from an interest in the evolution of microstructure or from a desire to generate detailed property/microstructure relationships. In the more fundamental studies some convolution of two-dimensional data into the third dimension (stereological analysis) will be necessary.In some cases the two-dimensional data may be acquired relatively easily without recourse to automatic data collection and further, it may prove possible to perform the data reduction and analysis relatively easily. In such cases the only recourse to machines may well be in establishing the statistical confidence of the resultant data. Such relatively straightforward studies tend to result from acquiring data on the whole assemblage of features making up the microstructure. In this field data mode, when parameters such as phase volume fraction, mean size etc. are sought, the main case for resorting to automation is in order to perform repetitive analyses since each analysis is relatively easily performed.

Comparison of Recovery and Recrystallization in Stainless Steel Following Plane-Wave Shock Loading and Explosive Forming

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 428-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Korbonski ◽  
L. E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Shock Pressure ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Aisi 304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Explosive Forming

Comparison of recovery rates in materials deformed by a unidimensional and two dimensional strains at strain rates in excess of 104 sec.−1 was performed on AISI 304 Stainless Steel. A number of unidirectionally strained foil samples were deformed by shock waves at graduated pressure levels as described by Murr and Grace. The two dimensionally strained foil samples were obtained from radially expanded cylinders by a constant shock pressure pulse and graduated strain as described by Foitz, et al.

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