A photon-counting avalanche photodiode array with fully integrated active quenching and recharging circuit

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lin ◽  
M. Mac Sweeney ◽  
M. M. Sheehan ◽  
A. Mathewson
Keyword(s):  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Photodiode Array

Three-dimensional imaging laser radar with a photon-counting avalanche photodiode array and microchip laser

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (36) ◽  
pp. 7671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius A. Albota ◽  
Richard M. Heinrichs ◽  
David G. Kocher ◽  
Daniel G. Fouche ◽  
Brian E. Player ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photon Counting ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Microchip Laser ◽  
Laser Radar ◽  
Three Dimensional Imaging ◽  
Photodiode Array

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Laser Imaging Based on a Photon-Counting Avalanche Photodiode Array

2020 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 07026
Author(s):  
Peng Ge ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Zhen Shang ◽  
Yanen Fan ◽  
Jingjing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Range Image ◽  
Laser Imaging ◽  
Photon Counting Detector ◽  
Geiger Mode ◽  
Photodiode Array

Photon-counting detector array is very desired for high-resolution laser imaging based on direct time-of-flight measurement. Such systems have potential applications in remote sensing with long distances. We will perform three-dimensional imaging using a large InGaAs Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode array which has single-photon sensitivity. To improve the image quality with only a few photon detections, the photon counting imaging process is analyzed and a regularization method based on pixel spatial correlation is employed for image reconstruction. The performance of the method is compared with that of conventional maximum likelihood estimation on intensity and range image reconstructions of a building about six hundred meters away.

scholarly journals Development of an optical photon-counting imager with a monolithic Geiger Avalanche Photodiode array

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Nakamori ◽  
Yuga Ouchi ◽  
Risa Ogihara ◽  
Toshio Terasawa ◽  
Yuhei Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Optical Photon ◽  
Timing Resolution ◽  
Geiger Mode ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Optical Astronomy

Abstract We have developed a sensor system based on an optical photon-counting imager with high timing resolution, aiming for highly time-variable astronomical phenomena. The detector is a monolithic Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode array customized in a Multi-Pixel Photon Counter with a response time on the order of nanoseconds. This paper evaluates the basic performance of the sensor and confirms the gain linearity, uniformity, and low dark count. We demonstrate the system’s ability to detect the period of a flashing light-emitting diode, using a data acquisition system developed to obtain the light curve with a time bin of 100 μs. The Crab pulsar was observed using a 35-cm telescope without cooling, and the equipment detected optical pulses with a period consistent with the data from the radio ephemeris. Although improvements to the system will be necessary for more reliability, the system has been proven to be a promising device for exploring the time-domain optical astronomy.

scholarly journals Noise and Breakdown Characterization of SPAD Detectors with Time-Gated Photon-Counting Operation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5287
Author(s):  
Hiwa Mahmoudi ◽  
Michael Hofbauer ◽  
Bernhard Goll ◽  
Horst Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Noise Models

Being ready-to-detect over a certain portion of time makes the time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) an attractive candidate for low-noise photon-counting applications. A careful SPAD noise and performance characterization, however, is critical to avoid time-consuming experimental optimization and redesign iterations for such applications. Here, we present an extensive empirical study of the breakdown voltage, as well as the dark-count and afterpulsing noise mechanisms for a fully integrated time-gated SPAD detector in 0.35-μm CMOS based on experimental data acquired in a dark condition. An “effective” SPAD breakdown voltage is introduced to enable efficient characterization and modeling of the dark-count and afterpulsing probabilities with respect to the excess bias voltage and the gating duration time. The presented breakdown and noise models will allow for accurate modeling and optimization of SPAD-based detector designs, where the SPAD noise can impose severe trade-offs with speed and sensitivity as is shown via an example.

scholarly journals Author Correction: Subpixel three-dimensional laser imaging with a downscaled avalanche photodiode array using code division multiple access

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Xu ◽  
Yuan-Qing Wang ◽  
Xiao-Fei Zhang ◽  
Cai-Yun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Code Division Multiple Access ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Laser Imaging ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
Code Division Multiple

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-021-00520-8.

scholarly journals Small All-Range Lidar for Asteroid and Comet Core Missions

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3081
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Sun ◽  
Daniel R. Cremons ◽  
Erwan Mazarico ◽  
Guangning Yang ◽  
James B. Abshire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Lasers ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Linear Mode ◽  
Internal Gain ◽  
Pseudo Noise

We report the development of a new type of space lidar specifically designed for missions to small planetary bodies for both topographic mapping and support of sample collection or landing. The instrument is designed to have a wide dynamic range with several operation modes for different mission phases. The laser transmitter consists of a fiber laser that is intensity modulated with a return-to-zero pseudo-noise (RZPN) code. The receiver detects the coded pulse-train by correlating the detected signal with the RZPN kernel. Unlike regular pseudo noise (PN) lidars, the RZPN kernel is set to zero outside laser firing windows, which removes most of the background noise over the receiver integration time. This technique enables the use of low peak-power but high pulse-rate lasers, such as fiber lasers, for long-distance ranging without aliasing. The laser power and the internal gain of the detector can both be adjusted to give a wide measurement dynamic range. The laser modulation code pattern can also be reconfigured in orbit to optimize measurements to different measurement environments. The receiver uses a multi-pixel linear mode photon-counting HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) array with near quantum limited sensitivity at near to mid infrared wavelengths where many fiber lasers and diode lasers operate. The instrument is modular and versatile and can be built mostly with components developed by the optical communication industry.

Hybrid avalanche photodiode ranging and photon-counting altimeter

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Dierickx ◽  
S. Bellis ◽  
N. Witvrouwen ◽  
B. Dupont ◽  
A. Defernez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode

A Miniaturized, No-Moving-Parts Raman Spectrometer

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Neil Lewis ◽  
Patrick J. Treado ◽  
Ira W. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Laser Excitation ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Tunable Filter ◽  
Instrument Design ◽  
Laboratory Notebook ◽  
Raman Spectrometer ◽  
Digitally Controlled ◽  
Moving Parts

A solid-state acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is combined with krypton laser excitation (647 nm), holographic Raman filters, and photon-counting silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) detection to construct a miniaturized Raman spectrometer with no moving parts. The physically compact AOTF and the highly integrated APD provide a rugged, digitally controlled spectrometer of moderate spectral resolution and with a footprint comparable in size to a laboratory notebook. Instrument design details are considered and representative spectra are reported. Potential areas of application for this prototype Raman spectrometer are also discussed.

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