On-orbit radiometric calibration over time and between spacecraft using the Moon

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh H. Kieffer ◽  
Thomas C. Stone ◽  
Robert A. Barnes ◽  
Steven C. Bender ◽  
Robert E. Eplee, Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals VIIRS day/night band radiometric calibration stability monitoring using the Moon

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (11) ◽  
pp. 5616-5624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Wang ◽  
Xiaoxiong Xiong ◽  
Jon Fulbright ◽  
Ning Lei
Keyword(s):  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Stability Monitoring

Drawing Down the Moon: Defining Magic in the Ancient Greco­Roman World

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Radcliffe G. Edmonds III
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Perceived Efficacy ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

This introductory chapter provides a definition of magic. One of the most useful adjustments in the recent scholarship on magic has been the turn to considering magic as a dynamic social construct, instead of some particular reality. Magic is not a thing, but a way of talking. Thus, magic is a discourse pertaining to non-normative ritualized activity, in which the deviation from the norm is most often marked in terms of the perceived efficacy of the act, the familiarity of the performance within the cultural tradition, the ends for which the act is performed, or the social location of the performer. Such a discourse always has a history, since such a way of talking about things shifts over time as different people do the talking. When one speaks of “magic,” therefore, one should always explain: “magic for whom?” Any specific piece of evidence from the ancient Greco-Roman world provides an example of magic for that particular person, from one particular perspective. To speak of “magic in the ancient Greco-Roman world” is thus to refer to the whole range of things that various people in those cultures during those times could label as “magic.” The chapter then considers the act of drawing down the moon.

scholarly journals Scientific Knowledge of the Moon, 1609 to 1969

Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Charles Wood
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Lunar Evolution ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
Over Time

Discoveries stemming from the Apollo 11 mission solved many problems that had vexed scientists for hundreds of years. Research and discoveries over the preceding 360 years identified many critical questions and led to a variety of answers: How did the Moon form, how old is its surface, what is the origin of lunar craters, does the Moon have an atmosphere, how did the Moon change over time, is the Moon geologically active today, and did life play any role in lunar evolution? In general, scientists could not convincingly answer most of these questions because they had too little data and too little understanding of astronomy and geology, and were forced to rely on reasoning and speculation, in some cases wasting hundreds of years of effort. Surprisingly, by 1969, most of the questions had been correctly answered, but a paucity of data made it uncertain which answers were correct.

Using the Moon to evaluate the radiometric calibration performance of S-NPP VIIRS thermal emissive bands

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Wang ◽  
Xiaoxiong Xiong ◽  
Boryana V. Efremova ◽  
Hongda Chen
Keyword(s):  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon

scholarly journals The Influence of Heterogeneity on Lunar Irradiance Based on Multiscale Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 2696
Author(s):  
Xiangzhao Zeng ◽  
Chuanrong Li
Keyword(s):  
Correction Factor ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Multiscale Analysis ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Lunar Topography ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Observation Geometry ◽  
The Impact

The Moon is a stable light source for the radiometric calibration of satellite sensors. It acts as a diffuse panel that reflects sunlight in all directions, however, the lunar surface is heterogeneous due to its topography and different mineral content and chemical composition at different locations, resulting in different optical properties. In order to perform radiometric calibration using the Moon, a lunar irradiance model using different observation geometry is required. Currently, two lunar irradiance models exist, namely, the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) and the Miller and Turner 2009 (MT2009). The ROLO lunar irradiance model is widely used as the radiometric standard for on-orbit sensors. The MT2009 lunar irradiance model is popular for remote sensing at night, however, the original version of the MT2009 lunar irradiance model takes less consideration of the heterogeneous lunar surface and lunar topography. Since the heterogeneity embedded in the lunar surface is the key to the improvement of the lunar irradiance model, this study analyzes the influence of the heterogeneous surface on the irradiance of moonlight based on model data at different scales. A heterogeneous correction factor is defined to describe the impact of the heterogeneous lunar surface on lunar irradiance. On the basis of the analysis, the following conclusions can be made. First, the influence of heterogeneity in the waning hemisphere is greater than that in waxing hemisphere under all 32 wavelengths of the ROLO filters. Second, the influence of heterogeneity embedded in the lunar surface exerts less impact on lunar irradiance at lower resolution. Third, the heterogeneous correction factor is scale independent. Finally, the lunar irradiance uncertainty introduced by topography is very small and decreases as the resolution of model data decreases due to the loss of topographic information.

scholarly journals In-flight calibration results of the TROPOMI payload on-board theSentinel-5 Precursor satellite

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Ludewig ◽  
Quintus Kleipool ◽  
Rolf Bartstra ◽  
Robin Landzaat ◽  
Jonatan Leloux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Current ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Angle Dependence ◽  
Flight Measurements ◽  
Solar Angle ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. After the launch of the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite on 13 October 2017 its single payload, the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), was commissioned during 6 months. In this time the instrument was tested and calibrated extensively. During this phase the geolocation calibration was validated using a dedicated measurement zoom mode. With the help of spacecraft manoeuvres the solar angle dependence of the irradiance radiometry was calibrated for both internal diffusers. This improved the results that were obtained on-ground significantly. Furthermore the orbital and long term stability was tested for electronic gains, offsets, non-linearity, the dark current and the output of the internal light sources. The CCD output gain of the UV, UVIS and NIR detectors shows drifts over time which can be corrected for in the L1b processor. In-flight measurements also revealed inconsistencies of the radiometric calibration and degradation of the UV spectrometer. Degradation is also detected for the internal solar diffusers. Since the start of the nominal operations (E2) phase in orbit 2818 on 30 April 2018, regularly scheduled calibration measurements on the eclipse side of the orbit are used for monitoring and updates to calibration key data. This article reports on the main results of the commissioning phase, the in-flight calibration and on the instrument's stability since launch. Insights from commissioning and in-flight monitoring led to updates to the Level 1b processor and its calibration key data. The updated processor is planned to be used for nominal processing from 2020 on.

scholarly journals The Moon as a Climate-Quality Radiometric Calibration Reference

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Stone ◽  
Hugh Kieffer ◽  
Constantine Lukashin ◽  
Kevin Turpie
Keyword(s):  
Space Station ◽  
Sensor Response ◽  
Spectral Irradiance ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Si Traceability ◽  
Diffuse Reflector

On-orbit calibration requirements for a space-based climate observing system include long-term sensor response stability and reliable inter-calibration of multiple sensors, both contemporaneous and in succession. The difficulties with achieving these for reflected solar wavelength instruments are well known. The Moon can be considered a diffuse reflector of sunlight, and its exceptional photometric stability has enabled development of a lunar radiometric reference, manifest as a model that is queried for the specific conditions of Moon observations. The lunar irradiance model developed by the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) project has adequate precision for sensor response temporal trending, but a climate-quality lunar reference will require at least an order of magnitude improvement in absolute accuracy. To redevelop the lunar calibration reference with sub-percent uncertainty and SI traceability requires collecting new, high-accuracy Moon characterization measurements. This paper describes specifications for such measurements, along with a conceptual framework for reconstructing the lunar reference using them. Three currently active NASA-sponsored projects have objectives to acquire measurements that can support a climate-quality lunar reference: air-LUSI, dedicated lunar spectral irradiance measurements from the NASA ER-2 high altitude aircraft; ARCSTONE, dedicated lunar spectral reflectance measurements from a small satellite; and Moon viewing opportunities by CLARREO Pathfinder from the International Space Station.

scholarly journals RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF LANDSAT-8 OLI AND SENTINEL-2 MSI IMAGES FOR WATER QUALITY MODELLING OF LAGUNA LAKE, PHILIPPINES

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W19 ◽  
pp. 229-232
Author(s):  
E. V. Gubatanga Jr ◽  
A. C. Blanco ◽  
C. H. Lin ◽  
B. Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
Landsat 8 Oli ◽  
Laguna Lake ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Sentinel 2

Abstract. Regular monitoring of water quality in Laguna Lake is important for it supports aquaculture and provides water supply for Metro Manila. Remote sensing makes it possible to monitor the spectral conditions of the lake on a regular time interval and with complete coverage except for the areas with cloud and shadow cover. Along with in-situ water quality measurements, bio-optical models can be developed to determine the relationship between spectral and bio-optical properties of the lake water and consequently enables the estimation of water quality through remote sensing. However, radiometric calibration is needed to minimize the effects of the changing atmospheric conditions over time and to account for the difference in sensors (e.g., Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2 MSI) used for water quality assessment. Canonical correlation analysis is used to detect pseudo-invariant features (PIFs), which are ground objects that do not dramatically vary in spectral properties over time. Road surface and other large man-made infrastructures are the commonly detected PIFs. These PIFs are used to compute for the parameters used to normalize reflectance values of remotely-sensed images obtained on different dates and using different sensors. The normalization resulted to a reduction of difference in reflectance values between the reference image and the adjusted image, though not marginal. This is due to the use of a linear equation to adjust the image, which limits the ability of the reflectance values of the image to fit to the values of the reference image.

On-orbit radiometric calibration of Suomi NPP VIIRS reflective solar bands using the Moon and solar diffuser

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (32) ◽  
pp. 9533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taeyoung Choi ◽  
Xi Shao ◽  
Changyong Cao
Keyword(s):  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon

Observations of the moon by the global ozone monitoring experiment: radiometric calibration and lunar albedo

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (33) ◽  
pp. 7832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel R. Dobber ◽  
Albert P. H. Goede ◽  
John P. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Ozone Monitoring
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