Polyelectrolyte gels in electric fields: a theoretical and experimental approach

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer W. Guelch ◽  
Jens Holdenried ◽  
Andrea Weible ◽  
Thomas Wallmersperger ◽  
Bernd Kroeplin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Gels

DC electric fields produce periodic bending of polyelectrolyte gels

Polymer ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 2430-2436 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. Safronov ◽  
M. Shakhnovich ◽  
A. Kalganov ◽  
I.A. Kamalov ◽  
T.F. Shklyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Gels ◽  
Dc Electric Fields

Nonlinear Actuation Properties of Macro Fiber Composite Actuators

Aerospace ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brett Williams ◽  
Daniel J. Inman ◽  
W. Keats Wilkie
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Interdigitated Electrodes ◽  
Piezoelectric Strain ◽  
Macro Fiber Composite

This paper presents an experimental approach to determine the effective piezoelectric strain parameters, d33 and d31, of the Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuator. Traditional d31 piezoceramics typically operate at low strain and electric fields levels and are thus adequately modeled using linear piezoelectric theory. However, the MFC has interdigitated electrodes which allow actuation by way of the stronger “d33” piezoelectric effect. The resulting large deformations/stresses often occur in combination with strong applied electric fields and cause the violation of some of the assumptions used in the development of linear piezoelectric theory. Specifically, the piezoelectric “d” parameters are no longer constant, but rather, as the current research indicates, depend on the applied mechanical stress and electric field.

scholarly journals ELECTRORESPONSIE BEHAVIOR OF POLYELECTROLYTE GELS (ACRYLIC ACID-CO-N-N' METHYLENE BISACRYLAMIDE) UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRIC FIELD

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-426
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Hoai Nam ◽  
Eduado Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Gels ◽  
Hydrogel Membranes ◽  
Crosslinker Concentration ◽  
Bending Behavior ◽  
Gel Membranes ◽  
Equilibrium Strain

Polymer gels which were synthesized from acrylic acid and N-N’ methylene bisacrylamide exhibited electrical sensitive behavior. Their swelling properties and electroresponsive behavior were studied. The results indicated that the water take-up ability of the hydrogel increased with the decreased N-N’ methylene bisacrylamide content within the network. The hydrogel membranes swollen in a neutral NaCl solution, bent toward the cathode under non-contact DC electric fields, and their bending speed and equilibrium strain increased with the increased of applied voltage. In addition, the effect of crosslinker concentration of N-N’ methylene bisacrylamide on bending behavior of the gels have been studied. The equilibrium strain decreased as the crosslinker concentration increased. By changing the direction of the applied potential cyclically, the hydrogel membranes exhibited good reversible bending behavior. The bending of the hydro gel membranes was initially explained by a bending theory of polyelectrolyte hydrogel based on the charge of osmotic pressure due to the ion concentration different between the inside and the outside of the network.

scholarly journals A Hypothesis to develop Programmable Intelligence using Magnetic Fields generated by Human Mind

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5738-5740
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Intelligence Development ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Programmable intelligence is the need of Future Cognition technology. Certain cells and tissues in living organisms have ability to produce electric fields and Electric current develops magnetic fields around it and vice versa. To find out the possibility to control the intelligence artificially using the said mechanism of electromagnetism is a big challenge at present. Developing a technology to induce intelligence through programmed magnetic fields generated in a planned and sequential way. Mechanism of computer aided generation of magnetic fields (CAGMF) applications in plants like ‘touch me not’ has a big concern for intelligence development. Intelligence in plants can be assessed using neuroimaging techniques. Further a model can be developed for programmable intelligence for humans as well. As an outcome of our analysis, we concluded that a model can be developed using “CAGMF” Further, experimental approach to test the hypothesis would be a validation of proposed model.

An Experimental Approach in the Impact of Electric Fields on Liquid Fuel Spray Injection

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaru Najem Mendez Hernandez ◽  
Michele Bardi ◽  
Juan Viera ◽  
Raul Payri
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Fuel Spray ◽  
The Impact

Control of Metal Alloy Oxidation with Electric Fields

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
R. R. Dils ◽  
P. S. Follansbee
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Insulating Layer ◽  
Iron Base Alloy ◽  
Alloy Oxidation ◽  
Aluminum Oxide Layer ◽  
And Control

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.

Electron-Mirror Microscopic Aspects of Ferroelectric Domains of BaTiO3 And Ca2Sr (C2H5CO2)6

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 478-479
Author(s):  
Teruo Someya ◽  
Jinzo Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Ferroelectric Domain ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Ferroelectric Domains

Recent progress in the electron-mirror microscopy (EMM), e.g., an improvement of its resolving power together with an increase of the magnification makes it useful for investigating the ferroelectric domain physics. English has recently observed the domain texture in the surface layer of BaTiO3. The present authors ) have developed a theory by which one can evaluate small one-dimensional electric fields and/or topographic step heights in the crystal surfaces from their EMM pictures. This theory was applied to a quantitative study of the surface pattern of BaTiO3).

Electron Microscope Observations of Magnetic and Electric Effects

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 430-431
Author(s):  
John Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Magnetic Image ◽  
Magnetic Effects ◽  
Ferromagnetic Films ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Electric Effects ◽  
Image Detail

Several aspects of magnetic and electric effects in electron microscope images are of interest and will be discussed here. Clearly electrons are deflected by magnetic and electric fields and can give rise to image detail. We will review situations in ferromagnetic films in which magnetic image effects are the predominant ones, others in which the magnetic effects give rise to rather subtle changes in diffraction contrast, cases of contrast at specimen edges due to leakage fields in both ferromagnets and superconductors and some effects due to electric fields in insulators.

Experimental Determination of the Effective Resolution Limit in Thick Specimens at High Voltages

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 664-665
Author(s):  
Mircea Fotino
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Resolution Level

The use of thick specimens (0.5 μm to 5.0 μm or more) is one of the most resourceful applications of high-voltage electron microscopy in biological research. However, the energy loss experienced by the electron beam in the specimen results in chromatic aberration and thus in a deterioration of the effective resolving power. This sets a limit to the maximum usable specimen thickness when investigating structures requiring a certain resolution level.An experimental approach is here described in which the deterioration of the resolving power as a function of specimen thickness is determined. In a manner similar to the Rayleigh criterion in which two image points are considered resolved at the resolution limit when their profiles overlap such that the minimum of one coincides with the maximum of the other, the resolution attainable in thick sections can be measured by the distance from minimum to maximum (or, equivalently, from 10% to 90% maximum) of the broadened profile of a well-defined step-like object placed on the specimen.

Electron microscopy studies of PZT ferroelectric film capacitor structures

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1364-1365
Author(s):  
V. Kaushik ◽  
P. Maniar ◽  
J. Olowolafe ◽  
R. Jones ◽  
A. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Ferroelectric Material ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Dielectric Films ◽  
Lead Zirconium Titanate ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
Film Capacitor ◽  
Pzt Films ◽  
High Dielectric

Lead zirconium titanate films (Pb (Zr,Ti) O3 or PZT) are being considered for potential application as dielectric films in memory technology due to their high dielectric constants. PZT is a ferroelectric material which shows spontaneous polarizability, reversible under applied electric fields. We report herein some results of TEM studies on thin film capacitor structures containing PZT films with platinum-titanium electrodes.The wafers had a stacked structure consisting of PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate as shown in Figure 1. Platinum acts as electrode material and titanium is used to overcome the problem of platinum adhesion to the oxide layer. The PZT (0/20/80) films were deposited using a sol-gel method and the structure was annealed at 650°C and 800°C for 30 min in an oxygen ambient. XTEM imaging was done at 200KV with the electron beam parallel to <110> zone axis of silicon.Figure 2 shows the PZT and Pt layers only, since the structure had a tendency to peel off at the Ti-Pt interface during TEM sample preparation.

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