Nonlinear Actuation Properties of Macro Fiber Composite Actuators

Aerospace ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brett Williams ◽  
Daniel J. Inman ◽  
W. Keats Wilkie
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Interdigitated Electrodes ◽  
Piezoelectric Strain ◽  
Macro Fiber Composite

This paper presents an experimental approach to determine the effective piezoelectric strain parameters, d33 and d31, of the Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuator. Traditional d31 piezoceramics typically operate at low strain and electric fields levels and are thus adequately modeled using linear piezoelectric theory. However, the MFC has interdigitated electrodes which allow actuation by way of the stronger “d33” piezoelectric effect. The resulting large deformations/stresses often occur in combination with strong applied electric fields and cause the violation of some of the assumptions used in the development of linear piezoelectric theory. Specifically, the piezoelectric “d” parameters are no longer constant, but rather, as the current research indicates, depend on the applied mechanical stress and electric field.

Electric Field Distribution in Macro Fiber Composite Using Interdigitated Electrodes

2008 ◽  
Vol 47-50 ◽  
pp. 1173-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houssein Nasser ◽  
A. Deraemaeker ◽  
Salim Belouettar
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Representative Volume Element ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
Interdigitated Electrodes ◽  
Representative Volume ◽  
Macro Fiber Composite

In this paper, an attempt has been made to understand the electric field distribution in the Representative Volume Element (RVE) of the Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) using interdigitated electrodes IDEs. Since the magnitude of the electric field within the Representative Volume Element (RVE) using the IDEs is not uniform, an electrostatic study of the electric field behavior is carried out. An approximate RVE model with conventional electrodes, which is useful for the analytical solution, has been proposed instead of the RVE model with IDEs. Finally, the results obtained by the proposed analytical solution are compared to those obtained numericaly using the RVE model with IDEs.

Dependency of electric field and mechanical stress on piezoelectric strain of PZT 3203HD

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung H. Jang ◽  
Young S. Kim ◽  
Sang Ki Lee ◽  
Hoon C. Park ◽  
Kwang J. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Piezoelectric Strain

scholarly journals Coupling of experimentally validated electroelastic dynamics and mixing rules formulation for macro-fiber composite piezoelectric structures

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1575-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Shahab ◽  
Alper Erturk
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Rectangular Cross Section ◽  
Mixing Rules ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Interdigitated Electrodes ◽  
Macro Fiber Composite ◽  
Piezoelectric Structures

Piezoelectric structures have been used in a variety of applications ranging from vibration control and sensing to morphing and energy harvesting. In order to employ the effective 33-mode of piezoelectricity, interdigitated electrodes have been used in the design of macro-fiber composites which employ piezoelectric fibers with rectangular cross section. In this article, we present an investigation of the two-way electroelastic coupling (in the sense of direct and converse piezoelectric effects) in bimorph cantilevers that employ interdigitated electrodes for 33-mode operation. A distributed-parameter electroelastic modeling framework is developed for the elastodynamic scenarios of piezoelectric power generation and dynamic actuation. Mixing rules (i.e. rule of mixtures) formulation is employed to evaluate the equivalent and homogenized properties of macro-fiber composite structures. The electroelastic and dielectric properties of a representative volume element (piezoelectric fiber and epoxy matrix) between two neighboring interdigitated electrodes are then coupled with the global electro-elastodynamics based on the Euler–Bernoulli kinematics accounting for two-way electromechanical coupling. Various macro-fiber composite bimorph cantilevers with different widths are tested for resonant dynamic actuation and power generation with resistive shunt damping. Excellent agreement is reported between the measured electroelastic frequency response and predictions of the analytical framework that bridges the continuum electro-elastodynamics and mixing rules formulation.

Hybrid Energy Harvesting Using Electroactive Polymers Combined with Piezoelectric Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Cornogolub ◽  
Pierre Jean Cottinet ◽  
Lionel Petit
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Electroactive Polymers ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Hybrid Energy Harvesting

Electroactive polymers (EAP) are relatively soft and flexible materials, easy to integrate and able to undergo large deformations by applying an electric field (usually some 10 V/μm). This coupling between strain and electric field (quadratic by nature) as well as particular mechanical properties have already been used advantageously to design actuators. As energy harvesters, EAP have also shown good abilities by providing energy densities up to 0.4 J/g/cycle (generator integrated in a shoe). Moreover, they present some advantages over other techniques as electromagnetic or piezoelectric as they have low resonance frequency response and high elasticity which enable them to be used in situations where large displacements are available. The main drawback of EAP as energy harvesters is that they don't experience direct coupling between strain and electric field, such as the piezoelectric effect. It is therefore essential to use an external electrical polarization source in order to create energy cycles induced by the EAP capacitance variations when it is subject to external stress. The goal of this work is to combine the EAP and piezoelectric materials using the advantages of both, for a hybrid energy harvesting. Different possible configurations and their performances are studied and a comparison with existing techniques is made.

Hydroelastic Power and Thrust Generation Using Macro-Fiber Composite Piezoelectrics

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Erturk ◽  
Ghislain Delporte
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Harmonic Excitation ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Base Excitation ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Thrust Generation ◽  
Macro Fiber Composite ◽  
Converse Piezoelectric Effect

Flexible piezoelectrics offer several advantages to use in energy harvesting and biomimetic locomotion. These advantages include ease of application, high power density, silent and effective operation over a range of frequencies as well as light weight. Piezoelectric materials exhibit the well-known direct and converse piezoelectric effects. The direct piezoelectric effect has received growing attention for low-power generation to use in wireless electronic applications while the converse piezoelectric effect constitutes an alternative to replace the conventional actuators used in biomimetic locomotion. In this paper, underwater thrust and electricity generation are investigated experimentally by focusing on biomimetic structures with macro-fiber composite piezoelectrics. Fish-like bimorph configurations with and without a passive caudal fin (tail) are fabricated and compared. The favorable effect of having a passive caudal fin on the frequency bandwidth is reported. The presence of a passive caudal fin is observed to bring the second bending mode close to the first one, yielding a wideband behavior in thrust generation. The same smart fish configuration is tested for underwater piezoelectric power generation in response to harmonic excitation from its head. Hydrodynamic loads resulting from base excitation yield considerably larger power output as compared to in-air base excitation at the same acceleration amplitude. This work also discusses the feasibility of thrust generation using the harvested energy toward enabling self-powered swimmer systems.

Resonant Nonlinearities of Macro-Fiber Composite Cantilevers in Energy Harvesting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tan ◽  
Paul Yavarow ◽  
Alper Erturk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Rectangular Cross Section ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Interdigitated Electrodes ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Dissipative Effects ◽  
Macro Fiber Composite ◽  
Electrical Loads ◽  
Electrical Power Output

We explore the modeling and analysis of nonlinear non-conservative dynamics of macro-fiber composite (MFC) piezo-electric structures, guided by rigorous experiments, for resonant vibration-based energy harvesting, as well as other applications leveraging the direct piezoelectric effect, such as resonant sensing. The MFCs employ piezoelectric fibers of rectangular cross section embedded in kapton with interdigitated electrodes to exploit the 33-mode of piezoelectricity. Existing frameworks for resonant nonlinearities have so far considered conventional piezoceramics that use the 31-mode of piezoelectricity. In the present work, we develop a framework to represent and predict nonlinear electroelastic dynamics of MFC bimorph cantilevers under resonant base excitation. The interdigitated electrodes are shunted to a set of resistive electrical loads to quantify the electrical power output. Experiments are conducted on a set of MFC bimorphs over a broad range of mechanical excitation levels to identify the types of nonlinearities present and to compare the model predictions and experiments. The experimentally observed interaction of material softening and geometric hardening effects, as well as dissipative effects, is captured and demonstrated by the model.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting using macro fiber composite patches

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (21) ◽  
pp. 4331-4349
Author(s):  
Marwa Mallouli ◽  
Mnaouar Chouchane
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Epoxy Matrix ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Interdigitated Electrodes ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Resonance Frequencies ◽  
Macro Fiber Composite ◽  
Tip Mass

Over the last decade, vibration energy harvesting has received substantial attention of many researchers. Piezoelectric materials are able to capture energy from ambient vibration and convert it into electricity which can be stored in batteries or utilized to power small electronic devices. In order to benefit from the 33-mode of the piezoelectric effect, interdigitated electrodes have been utilized in the design of macro fiber composites which are made of piezoelectric fibers of square cross sections embedded into an epoxy matrix material. This paper presents an analytical model of a macro fiber composite bimorph energy harvester using the 33-mode. The mixing rule is applied to determine the equivalent and homogenized properties of the macro fiber composite structures. The electromechanical properties of a representative volume element composed of piezoelectric fibers and an epoxy matrix between two successive interdigitated electrodes are coupled with the overall electro-elastodynamics of the harvester utilizing the Euler–Bernoulli theory. Macro fiber composite bimorph cantilevers with diverse widths are simulated for power generation when a resistive shunt loading is applied. Stress components in the Kapton layers, which are typically a part of any macro fiber composite patch, and in the bonding layers have been included in the model contrary to previously published studies. Variable tip mass, attached at the free end of the beam, is utilized in this paper to tune the resonance frequency of the harvester. The generated power at the fundamental short circuit and open circuit resonance frequencies of harvesters having three different widths is analyzed. It has been observed that higher electrical outputs are produced by the wider macro fiber composite bimorph using (M8528-P1 patches).

Nonlinear Piezoelectric Material Properties and Non-Uniform Poling in a Flexible Electro-Active Composite Finite Element Model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Calogero ◽  
Hassene Ben Atitallah ◽  
Nicholas Wyckoff ◽  
Zoubeida Ounaies ◽  
Mary Frecker
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Interdigitated Electrodes

Active Fiber Composites (AFCs) are piezoelectric devices comprised of long cylindrical fibers, typically made of ceramic lead zirconate titanate (PZT), embedded in an epoxy polymer. AFCs use interdigitated electrodes to produce electric field lines parallel to the fibers (33-mode) rather than across the diameter, exploiting the stronger out-of-plane electromechanical coupling. Nonlinear piezoelectric and dielectric terms and non-uniform poling are often neglected in modeling AFCs due to the added complexity, however including the terms improves accuracy for strong electric fields and where the electrode geometry causes non-uniform electric fields. For that reason, a new finite element model of the AFC is developed which includes the effect of nonlinearities in piezoelectric strain constants and electric permittivity due to a non-uniform applied electric field resulting from two sets of interdigitated electrodes. The methods used to apply the nonlinear constitutive equations and poling are described. A comparison of the AFC response with linear and nonlinear material properties, with non-uniform poling, is shown for increasing applied electric fields. The difference in AFC response illustrates the necessity to include Rayleigh Law terms and non-uniform poling in the model.

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