Compton effect based on a secondary source of hard x-ray beams

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury I. Dudchik ◽  
Ricardo Rademacher ◽  
Ted Cremer ◽  
Richard Pantell ◽  
Charles Gary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compton Effect ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
X Ray

Ecuadorian Obsidian Sources Used for Artifact Production and Methods for Provenience Assignments

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Asaro ◽  
Ernesto Salazar ◽  
Helen V. Michel ◽  
Richard L. Burger ◽  
Fred H. Stross
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
North Central ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Element Abundances ◽  
Incomplete Mixing ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Measured Element ◽  
Related Element

A study by neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence measurements of 116 Ecuadorian obsidian artifacts as well as primary and secondary source samples has shown that the material originated from two Andean sources in north-central Ecuador, a flow in the valley of Mullumica, and deposits found on Yanaurco Chico and the nearby Quiscatola crest. The Yanaurco-Quiscatola deposit complex, homogeneous within our ability to measure, is represented by 18 percent of the artifacts. The Mullumica source has variable, apparently linearly related element abundances that may have resulted from the incomplete mixing of two magmas within a magma chamber. Seventy-eight percent of the samples studied are deduced to have originated from that source. Five artifacts from La Chimba cannot be assigned an origin, but four of them have the same provenience. To test the validity of the mixed-magma theory, we present equations to calculate the abundance of any measured element from that of iron. On the average, agreement within about 3 percent is obtained for artifacts.

scholarly journals Kinetika Pembentukan Struvite Kristal Menggunakan Zeolit Alam sebagai Adsorben pada Aeration Cone Column Crystallizer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Ariyanto ◽  
Yuyun Niyati ◽  
Dian Kharismadewi ◽  
Robiah Robiah
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Wastewater from the fertilizer industry contains a high concentration of PO43- and NH4+. Those ions formed deposits that frequently clogged the conduits and reduced the pump efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant. A high concentration of PO43- and NH4+ in this wastewater can be used as a secondary source of PO43- fertilizer through the recovery process into struvite compounds (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). In this research, Struvite was crystallized in Aeration Cone Column Crystallizer (ACCC) with Magnesium modified natural Zeolite (Zeo-Mg) as adsorbent. Research also has been done using the Batch process, and the results were used as basis variables in the ACCC system. Effects of Zeolite activation, amounts of Zeo-Mg (10 – 30 g), PO43- and NH4+reactant ratio (1:1 – 1:3), pH (6 – 9), and reaction time (0 – 60 minutes) to the removal percentage of PO43- were used as research parameters that analyzed in struvite crystallization process. Zeo-Mg and struvite produced were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Research results in the ACCC system with Zeo-Mg as adsorbent showed that the percentage of PO43- removal was 65% in 16 minutes and followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with a reaction rate constant of 0.21 min-1. The PO43- removal reached equilibrium at pH 8.10 after 28 minutes. Simultaneous removal of PO43- to formed struvite crystals using Zeo-Mg as an adsorbent and without the addition of Mg ions solution in the ACCC system is a novel process in wastewater treatment. Moreover, this PO43- recovery process can be implemented in the industrial scale due to the practical operation.A B S T R A KAir limbah industri pupuk banyak mengandung PO43- dan NH4+. Ion-ion ini membentuk endapan yang seringkali menyumbat aliran pipa yang menyebabkan penurunan efisiensi pompa di instalasi pengolahan air limbah. Kandungan PO43- dan NH4+ berkonsentrasi tinggi ini dapat dijadikan sumber sekunder untuk membuat pupuk PO43- dengan melakukan recovery sebagai senyawa struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Pada penelitian ini, struvite dibentuk menjadi kristal menggunakan Aeration Cone Column Crystallizer (ACCC) dengan adsorben zeolit alam yang telah dimodifikasi menggunakan ion magnesium (Zeo-Mg). Penelitian juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses batch, yang hasilnya dijadikan basis variabel pada sistem ACCC. Pengaruh pengaktifan zeolit, penambahan Zeo-Mg (10–30 g), rasio reaktan PO43- dan NH4+ (1:1–1:3), perubahan pH larutan (6–9), dan lamanya waktu reaksi (0–60) menit terhadap persentase penyisihan PO43- menjadi parameter yang dianalisis pada proses kristalisasi struvite. Zeo-Mg dan struvite yang dihasilkan dianalisis menggunakan scanning electron microscopy dan energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Penelitian menggunakan ACCC menghasilkan persentase penyisihan PO43- dengan adsorben Zeo-Mg sebesar 65% dalam 16 menit dan mengikuti persamaan kinetika reaksi orde satu, dengan konstanta laju reaksi 0,21 min-1. Penyisihan PO43- mencapai kesetimbangan pada pH 8,10 setelah 28 menit. Proses pemisahan PO43- dengan adsorben Zeo-Mg menjadi struvite secara berkesinambungan pada sistem ACCC merupakan proses baru pengolahan air limbah. Selain itu, proses pemanfaatan kembali PO43- ini dapat diterapkan ke dalam skala industri karena kemudahan dalam pengoperasiannya.

scholarly journals Quantitative determination of mineral matter in lignite by X-RAY spectrometry, using the Compton effect.

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1645
Author(s):  
V. Perdikatsis
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Compton Effect ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Phases

For the evaluation of lignite quality, apart from the calorific value, it is necessary to determine the mineral phases, which are deposited simultaneously with the organic matter during the formation of peat or formed epigenetically during the coalification stages. The mineral matter content is usually expressed as ash, after the combustion of lignite, and its determination is a quite time consuming process. In this paper an attempt is made for a fast and easy quantitative determination of mineral matter in lignite samples with unknown concentrations, with the use of an X-ray spectrometer and in particular the Compton effect of the X-ray tube. The intensity of the Compton peak is a function of the mass absorption coefficient of the lignite sample, which in turn depends on the type and amount of the mineral matter contained. Using this property of the Compton Effect, the percentage of mineral matter of lignite was determined. The method was verified by analyzing lignites with known concentrations of inorganic mater. The results of this study showed, that the mineral matter content can be determined, by the proposed method, fast and accurately without lignite combustion.

The Inverse Compton Effect in Extra-Galactic Radio Sources

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-106
Author(s):  
I. D. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Compton Effect ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Radiation Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inverse Compton Scattering ◽  
Ultrarelativistic Electron ◽  
Inverse Compton Effect ◽  
Inverse Compton ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Galactic Radio

It was first pointed out by Hoyle et al. that quasars if they are indeed located at cosmological distances, must be characterized by an extraordinarily large radiation density : and therefore, though their optical and near infra-red spectra appear to be dominated by synchrotron radiation, any ultrarelativistic electron present must necessarily lose essentially all its energy by inverse Compton scattering. This would mean that, though quasars are emitting fantastic amounts of energy at optical frequencies, they must also be emitting many orders of magnitude more at X-ray and γ-ray frequencies. This paradox has been evaded by several specially constructed models (e.g. Rees and Sciama, Woltjer and Jukes); but the problem has not been removed in general.

scholarly journals A critical-absorption photometer for the study of the Compton effect

1928 ◽  
Vol 119 (783) ◽  
pp. 526-530
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Compton Effect ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Absorption Measurements ◽  
Ray Scattering

That a change of wave-length occurs in X-ray scattering was first indicated by absorption measurements with the ionisation chamber, which showed that the absorption coefficient of a light element like aluminium was slightly greater for the scattered than for the primary X-rays. Later more conclusive and direct evidence was obtained when spectrometric analysis of the scattered X-rays was made first by the ionisation and afterwards by the photographic method. This analysis disclosed the existence of an unshifted as well as the shifted line, and showed also that the latter becomes relatively more prominent with diminishing wave-length and lower atomic number of the scattering element. After the main features of the Compton effect were established by means of spectrometric measurements, however, absorption measurements with the ionisation method have again been employed for a detailed study of the phenomenon, for such measurements are much quicker than the spectrum experiments, where the final energy available is much smaller on account of the double scattering involved. As mentioned above, the absorption measurements were based on the slight increase in the absorption coefficient of a light element when the wave-length changes from the unmodified to the modified value. The much larger and sudden diminution in absorption of X-rays when the frequency is altered from the short to the long wave-length side of the critical K-absorption limit of the element used as a filter, furnishes us with an easy and convenient method of exhibiting the wave-length change in X-ray scattering. In the present paper will be described a photographic wedge photometer based on this principle, which enables the characteristics of the Compton effect to be readily observed. It may be pointed out that the same idea could no doubt be utilised also in connection with the ionisation measurements of the Compton effect.

X-ray Excitation of Thermal Spikes

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Compton Scattering ◽  
Convenient Method ◽  
Impulse Approximation ◽  
Compton Effect ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Thermal Spike ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Scattering Measurements ◽  
Amorphous Media

For x-ray scattering from amorphous media at large sin θ/λ (> 1.00 Å-1) momentum and energy is either imparted to a single electron (Compton effect) or to a single atom (Thermal Spike effect). In both cases the impulse approximation provides a convenient method for treating the scattering. Measurements of the ratio of Thermal Spike scattering to Compton scattering were made on paraffin.

Determination of K shell absorption parameters for some lanthanides using the X-ray attenuation method

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1532-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Akman ◽  
R. Durak ◽  
M.R. Kaçal
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Attenuation ◽  
First Time

The total attenuation cross section at the K edge, absorption jump ratio, jump factor, Davisson–Kirchner ratio, and oscillator strength parameters for the K shell were determined by measuring the total attenuation cross sections around the K edge for Pr, Nd2O3, and Sm. The measurements were performed in a secondary excitation geometry using the Kα2, Kα1, Kβ1, and Kβ2 X-rays (in the region from 31.817 to 55.293 keV) from different secondary source targets excited by the 59.54 keV γ-photons from an 241Am annular source. It is the first time that the Davisson–Kirchner ratio values have been determined for present samples. The experimental results were compared with the theoretically calculated and other available experimental results.

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