Measuring tail beat frequency and coast phase in school of fish for collective motion analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Terayama ◽  
Hirohisa Hioki ◽  
Masa-aki Sakagami
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Collective Motion ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Tail Beat

THE EFFECT OF SOLID AND POROUS CHANNEL WALLS ON STEADY SWIMMING OF STEELHEAD TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS

1993 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Wall Effects ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Solid Walls ◽  
Tail Beat

Kinematics and steady swimming performance were recorded for steelhead trout (approximately 12.2 cm in total length) swimming in channels 4.5, 3 and 1.6 cm wide in the centre of a flume 15 cm wide. Channel walls were solid or porous. Tail-beat depth and the length of the propulsive wave were not affected by spacing of either solid or porous walls. The product of tail-beat frequency, F, and amplitude, H, was related to swimming speed, u, and to harmonic mean distance of the tail from the wall, z. For solid walls: FH = 1.01(+/−0.31)u0.67(+/−0.09)z(0.12+/−0.02) and for grid walls: FH = 0.873(+/−0.302)u0.74(+/−0.08)z0.064(+/−0.024), where +/−2 s.e. are shown for regression coefficients. Thus, rates of working were smaller for fish swimming between solid walls, but the reduction due to wall effects decreased with increasing swimming speed. Porous grid walls had less effect on kinematics, except at low swimming speeds. Spacing of solid walls did not affect maximum tail-beat frequency, but maximum tail-beat amplitude decreased with smaller wall widths. Maximum tail-beat amplitude similarly decreased with spacing between grid walls, but maximum tail-beat frequency increased. Walls also reduced maximum swimming speed. Wall effects have not been adequately taken into account in most studies of fish swimming in flumes and fish wheels.

The Kinematics of Swimming in Larvae of the Clawed Frog, Xenopus Laevis

1986 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIN VON SECKENDORFF HOFF ◽  
RICHARD JOEL WASSERSUG
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Tail Beat

The kinematics of swimming in larval Xenopus laevis has been studied using computer-assisted analysis of high-speed (200 frames s−1) ciné records. The major findings are as follows. 1. At speeds below 6 body lengths (L) per second, tail beat frequency is approximately 10 Hz and, unlike for most aquatic vertebrates, is not correlated with specific swimming speed. At higher speeds, tail beat frequency and speed are positively correlated. 2. Xenopus tadpoles show an increase in the maximum amplitude of the tail beat with increasing velocity up to approximately 6Ls−1. Above that speed amplitude approaches an asymptote at 20 % of body length. 3. Anterior yaw is absent at velocities below 6Ls−1, unlike for other anuran larvae, but is present at higher speeds. 4. At speeds below 6Ls−1 there is a positive linear relationship between length of the propulsive wave (λ) and specific swimming speed. At higher speeds wavelength is constant at approximately 0.8L. 5. There is a shift in the modulation of wavelength and tail beat frequency with swimming speed around 5.6Ls−1, suggesting two different swimming modes. The slower mode is used during open water cruising and suspension feeding. The faster, sprinting mode may be used to avoid predators. 6. Froude efficiencies are similar to those reported for fishes and other anuran larvae. 7. Unlike Rana and Bufo larvae, the axial muscle mass of Xenopus increases dramatically with size from less than 10% of total mass for the smallest animals to more than 45% of total mass for the largest animals. This increase is consistent with maintaining high locomotor performance throughout development.

Locomotion of juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) near the separation zone at the channel confluence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Xu ◽  
Saiyu Yuan ◽  
Yuchen Zheng ◽  
Yihong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Separation Zone ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽  
Flow Vorticity ◽  
Lake Outlet ◽  
Tail Beat ◽  
Channel Confluence

<p>Knowledge of locomotion of fish with significant rheotaxis at river confluences is critical for prediction of fish distribution at a river network. Recently, less silver carps observed in the Poyang Lake should be related to the hydrodynamic change at the confluence of the lake outlet and the Yangtze River. The operation of the Three Gorges Dam has largely changed the hydrodynamics at this confluence. Silver carp is one of the four major Chinese carps, and has significant rheotaxis. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to figure out the behavioral responses of juvenile silver carps to hydrodynamics near the separation zone at the channel confluence. The separation zone at a river confluence is one of the main zones for carp habitat and feeding. The locomotion and trajectory of juvenile silver carps were recorded through infrared thermal imaging at the confluence flume. Flow velocity field near the separation zone was measured by a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. A total of 40 juvenile silver carps were released from the separation zone and swam to the upstream, among which 24 carps swam to the tributary and the other to the main channel. Almost all 24 carps moved along the beginning of the boundary of the separation zone near the corner where the flow shear was strong. It seems that instead of avoiding places with great vorticity, they preferentially chose the trajectory where the flow vorticity was large continuously. They increased the tail-beat frequency and decreased the tail-beat amplitude to maintain body stability when they encountered the flow with large vorticity. These results are beneficial for the regulation of upstream dams to adjust the hydrodynamics at the confluence and improve local ecology.</p>

Effects of longitudinal body position and swimming speed on mechanical power of deep red muscle from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Syme ◽  
Robert E. Shadwick
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Tail Beat ◽  
Work Loop

SUMMARY The mechanical power output of deep, red muscle from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) was studied to investigate (i) whether this muscle generates maximum power during cruise swimming, (ii) how the differences in strain experienced by red muscle at different axial body locations affect its performance and (iii) how swimming speed affects muscle work and power output. Red muscle was isolated from approximately mid-way through the deep wedge that lies next to the backbone; anterior (0.44 fork lengths, ANT) and posterior (0.70 fork lengths, POST) samples were studied. Work and power were measured at 25°C using the work loop technique. Stimulus phases and durations and muscle strains (±5.5 % in ANT and ±8 % in POST locations) experienced during cruise swimming at different speeds were obtained from previous studies and used during work loop recordings. In addition, stimulus conditions that maximized work were determined. The stimulus durations and phases yielding maximum work decreased with increasing cycle frequency (analogous to tail-beat frequency), were the same at both axial locations and were almost identical to those used by the fish during swimming, indicating that the muscle produces near-maximal work under most conditions in swimming fish. While muscle in the posterior region undergoes larger strain and thus produces more mass-specific power than muscle in the anterior region, when the longitudinal distribution of red muscle mass is considered, the anterior muscles appear to contribute approximately 40 % more total power. Mechanical work per length cycle was maximal at a cycle frequency of 2–3 Hz, dropping to near zero at 15 Hz and by 20–50 % at 1 Hz. Mechanical power was maximal at a cycle frequency of 5 Hz, dropping to near zero at 15 Hz. These fish typically cruise with tail-beat frequencies of 2.8–5.2 Hz, frequencies at which power from cyclic contractions of deep red muscles was 75–100 % maximal. At any given frequency over this range, power using stimulation conditions recorded from swimming fish averaged 93.4±1.65 % at ANT locations and 88.6±2.08 % at POST locations (means ± s.e.m., N=3–6) of the maximum using optimized conditions. When cycle frequency was held constant (4 Hz) and strain amplitude was increased, work and power increased similarly in muscles from both sample sites; work and power increased 2.5-fold when strain was elevated from ±2 to ±5.5 %, but increased by only approximately 12 % when strain was raised further from ±5.5 to ±8 %. Taken together, these data suggest that red muscle fibres along the entire body are used in a similar fashion to produce near-maximal mechanical power for propulsion during normal cruise swimming. Modelling suggests that the tail-beat frequency at which power is maximal (5 Hz) is very close to that used at the predicted maximum aerobic swimming speed (5.8 Hz) in these fish.

scholarly journals Fish and Robots Swimming Together in a Water Tunnel: Robot Color and Tail-Beat Frequency Influence Fish Behavior

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e77589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Polverino ◽  
Paul Phamduy ◽  
Maurizio Porfiri
Keyword(s):  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Fish Behavior ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Tail Beat

Zebrafish responds differentially to a robotic fish of varying aspect ratio, tail beat frequency, noise, and color

2012 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Abaid ◽  
Tiziana Bartolini ◽  
Simone Macrì ◽  
Maurizio Porfiri
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Robotic Fish ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Tail Beat
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