Selective diamond seed deposition using electroplated copper

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeshuni Ramesham
Keyword(s):  
Seed Deposition ◽  
Electroplated Copper

Selective diamond seed deposition using electroplated copper

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 907-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ramesham ◽  
F.M. Rose ◽  
A. Allerman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Deposition ◽  
Electroplated Copper

Controlled Seed Deposition for Generating Bi-directional Rows

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schulze Lammers ◽  
Oliver Schmittmann ◽  
Hing Kam
Keyword(s):  
Seed Deposition

scholarly journals Electroplated Copper Metal Contacts on Perovskite Solar Cells

Solar RRL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaud Hatt ◽  
Özde Ş. Kabakli ◽  
Patricia S. C. Schulze ◽  
Armin Richter ◽  
Stefan W. Glunz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Copper Metal ◽  
Electroplated Copper

scholarly journals Fire suppression and seed dispersal play critical roles in the establishment of tropical forest tree species in southeastern Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Forest Tree Species ◽  
Seed Deposition ◽  
Syzygium Guineense

AbstractThis study examined the mechanisms of facilitation and importance of seed dispersal during establishment of forest tree species in an Afrotropical woodland. Seedling survival of Syzygium guineense ssp. afromontanum was monitored for 2.5 years at four different microsites in savannah woodland in Malawi (southeastern Africa) under Ficus natalensis (a potential nurse plant), Brachystegia floribunda (a woodland tree), Uapaca kirkiana (a woodland tree), and at a treeless site. The number of naturally established forest tree seedlings in the woodland was also counted. Additionally, S. guineense ssp. afromontanum seed deposition was monitored at the four microsites. Insect damage (9% of the total cause of mortality) and trampling by ungulates (1%) had limited impact on seedling survival in this area. Fire (43%) was found to be the most important cause of seedling mortality and fire induced mortality was especially high under U. kirkiana (74%) and at treeless site (51%). The rate was comparatively low under F. natalensis (4%) and B. floribunda (23%), where fire is thought to be inhibited due to the lack of light-demanding C4 grasses. Consequently, seedling survival under F. natalensis and B. floribunda was higher compared with the other two microsites. The seedling survival rate was similar under F. natalensis (57%) and B. floribunda (59%). However, only a few S. guineense ssp. afromontanum seedlings naturally established under B. floribunda (25/285) whereas many seedlings established under F. natalensis (146/285). These findings indicate that the facilitative mechanism of fire suppression is not the only factor affecting establishment. The seed deposition investigation revealed that most of the seeds (85%) were deposited under F. natalensis. As such, these findings suggest that in addition to fire suppression, dispersal limitations also play a role in forest-savannah dynamics in this region, especially at the community level.

Graphene Domains Synthesized on Electroplated Copper by Chemical Vapor Deposition

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 028102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Rong Wang ◽  
Chen Liang ◽  
Tie Li ◽  
Heng Yang ◽  
Na Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Electroplated Copper

Effect of Crystallographic Quality of Grain Boundaries on Both Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Electroplated Copper Thin Film Interconnections

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naokazu Murata ◽  
Naoki Saito ◽  
Kinji Tamakawa ◽  
Ken Suzuki ◽  
Hideo Miura
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Fatigue Fracture ◽  
High Crystallinity ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Copper Interconnection ◽  
Electroplated Copper ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Low Crystallinity

Effects of crystallographic quality of grain boundaries on mechanical and electrical properties were investigated experimentally. A novel method using two parameters of image quality (IQ) and confidence index (CI) values based on electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) analysis was proposed in order to evaluate crystallographic quality of grain boundaries. IQ value was defined as an index to evaluate crystallinity in region irradiated with electron beam. CI value determined existence of grain boundaries in the region. It was found that brittle intergranular fatigue fracture occurred in the film without annealing and the film annealed at 200 °C because network of grain boundaries with low crystallinity remained in these films. On the other hand, the film annealed at 400 °C caused only ductile transgranular fatigue fracture because grain boundaries with low crystallinity almost disappeared. From results of measurement of electrical properties, electrical resistivity of copper interconnection annealed at 400 °C with high crystallinity (2.09 × 10−8 Ωm) was low and electron migration (EM) resistance was high compared with an copper interconnection without annealing with low crystallinity (3.33 × 10−8 Ωm). It was clarified that the interconnection with high crystallinity had superior electrical properties. Thus, it was clarified that the crystallographic quality of grain boundaries has a strong correlation of mechanical and electrical reliability.

scholarly journals Linking seed fate to natural dispersal patterns: factors affecting predation and scatter-hoarding of Virola calophylla seeds in Peru

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina E. Russo
Keyword(s):  
Spider Monkeys ◽  
Seed Fate ◽  
Deposition Pattern ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
Deposition Patterns ◽  
Neotropical Tree ◽  
Ateles Paniscus ◽  
Sleeping Sites ◽  
Seed Deposition

Natural seed deposition patterns and their effects on post-dispersal seed fate are critical in tropical tree recruitment. Previous research showed that the key dispersal agent of the neotropical tree, Virola calophylla, is the spider monkey (Ateles paniscus). Spider monkeys generate a heterogeneous seed deposition pattern because they scatter-disperse seeds diurnally, whereas they clump-disperse seeds at their sleeping sites. The recruitment consequences of this pattern were investigated using manipulative experiments and observations. Scatter-hoarding by spiny rats (Proechimys spp.) caused little rearrangement of the initial seed deposition pattern because they moved seeds only short distances. Seed survival to the seedling stage depended negatively on conspecific seed density and positively on the distance from the nearest adult V. calophylla female. These effects were likely mediated by two important seed predators, spiny rats and beetles (Scolytidae). Furthermore, spider monkeys' seed deposition patterns influenced seed survival. Scatter-dispersed and experimentally dispersed seeds had the highest survival. Conversely, clump-dispersed seeds at sleeping sites, which are far from V. calophylla females, and non-dispersed seeds had equally low survival, suggesting that conspecific density- and distance-dependence acted independently and did not explain all variation in seed survival. Instead, other characteristics of the seed deposition pattern, such as the multi-specific assemblage of seeds at sleeping sites, also affected post-dispersal seed fates.Resumen: La conexión entre el patrón natural de dispersión de semillas con el destino después de la dispersión es clave para el reclutamiento de árboles tropicales. Mediante experimentos y observaciones se investigó esta conexión utilizando el árbol neotropical Virola calophylla (Myristicaceae). Ateles paniscus (maquisapa), el principal dispersor de sus semillas, genera un patrón de deposición heterogéneo. Durante el día las semillas son depositadas de manera esparcida mientras que en los dormitorios las semillas son depositadas de manera agregada. En este estudio se encontró que los roedores espinosos (Proechimys spp.) almacenaron semillas individuales debajo de la hojarasca, sin embargo estos no alteraron el patrón de dispersión ya que las semillas fueron transportadas distancias cortas y la tasa de predación fue alta. Se encontró que la tasa de sobrevivencia hasta la etapa de plántula tuve una relación negativa con la densidad de las semillas y una relación positiva con la distancia al árbol hembra de V. calophylla mas cercano. Estos efectos sucedieron por medio de roedores espinosos y coleópteros (Scolytidae), predadores importantes de las semillas de V. callophylla. Adicionalemente, el patrón de deposición de los maquisapas influenció la sobrevivencia de las semillas. Tanto las semillas dispersadas por los maquisapas como las dispersadas experimentalmente tuvieron la tasa de sobrevivencia más alta. Por el contrario, tanto las semillas depositadas en los dormitorios, usualmente lejos de hembras de V. calophylla, como las semillas que cayeron debajo del árbol hembra tuvieron bajos niveles de sobrevivencia. Estos reultados sugieren que tanto la densidad como la distancia tuvieron efectos independientes y no explicaron toda la variación observada en la sobrevivencia de semillas. Por el contrario, otras características de la deposición de semillas tales como la riqueza de especies de la comunidad de semillas en los dormitorios también afectaron el destino de las semillas después de dispersadas.

Enhanced Grain Growth of Electroplated Copper on Cobalt-Containing Seed Layer

2013 ◽  
Vol 160 (12) ◽  
pp. D3045-D3050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Huang ◽  
B. C. Baker-O'Neal ◽  
C. Cabral ◽  
E. Simonyi ◽  
V. R. Deline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Seed Layer ◽  
Electroplated Copper

Comparative assessment of n-dodecanethiol and n-dodecaneselenol monolayers on electroplated copper

2008 ◽  
Vol 621 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mekhalif ◽  
G. Fonder ◽  
F. Laffineur ◽  
J. Delhalle
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Electroplated Copper
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