scholarly journals Adaptation to Flooding in the Low-Income Urban Settlements of the Least Developed Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anika N. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Urban Settlements

scholarly journals GLOBAL POVERTY REDUCTION AND PARETO-IMPROVING REDISTRIBUTION

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus C. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Wealth Redistribution ◽  
Pareto Improving

Can a transfer of wealth from the United States to the least developed countries be Pareto improving? We analyze this question in an open-economy R&D-based growth model, in which the high-income (low-income) country produces innovative (homogeneous) goods. We find that wealth redistribution to the low-income country simultaneously reduces global inequality and increases economic growth through an increase in labor supply in the high-income country. Given that the market equilibrium of R&D-based growth models is usually inefficient due to R&D externalities, the wealth redistribution may lead to a Pareto improvement, which occurs if the discount rate is sufficiently low or R&D productivity is sufficiently high.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Drivers of Adoption of Small-Scale Aquaculture in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Diedrich ◽  
Jessica Blythe ◽  
Elizabeth Petersen ◽  
Epsi Euriga ◽  
Anna Fatchiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Averaging ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
People’S Perceptions

Aquaculture has a critical role in achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals of increasing benefits that low-income and least-developed countries derive from marine resources. Its capacity to deliver these outcomes is challenging, particularly for marginalized groups. This is especially true if the introduction of novel technologies is applied with incomplete understanding of socio-economic and bio-physical contexts. We examined what socio-economic factors affect people’s perceptions of adoption of lobster aquaculture in rural households in Indonesia. We used multiple linear regression with model averaging to test the influence of five capital assets (human, social, natural, physical, and financial), including agency, equity, and household sensitivity, on people’s perceived ability to adopt lobster aquaculture. Agency and sensitivity had the greatest influence on the dependent variable. We then used correlation analysis to develop a heuristic model of potential indirect causal mechanisms affecting people’s perceptions of adoption. Our results point to the existence of a ‘sensitivity trap’, where more sensitive or marginalized households are less likely to engage in new economic opportunities. We emphasize the value of multifaceted programs for improving livelihoods, particularly for poorer, more vulnerable households as one way to support the UN’s commitment to using aquaculture as a pathway to achieving sustainable development.

Climate Financing Through the Adaptation Fund: What Determines Fund Allocation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihisa Mori ◽  
Syed M. Rahman ◽  
Md. Nasir Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Fund Allocation ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Method Approach

There is an ongoing debate about criteria based on which allocation of climate finance, particularly financing adaptation, is made. This article aims at investigating the determinants of fund allocation and the consequences of rearrangement considering the case of the Adaptation Fund (AF). This research conducts a mixed-method approach including binary logistic regression and multiple regressions to analyze the factors that influence access to and volume of funding from the AF, respectively, along with a qualitative assessment of the AF’s institutional features. The findings suggest that the level of vulnerability of a country is likely to affect accessibility to and the volume of funding from the AF. Besides, low-income countries are more likely while least developed countries are less likely to access the fund. Readiness of country is not significant for accessing the AF; however, it affects the volume of funding. Funding allocation rearrangement may put the AF on pressure for effective use of the readiness program.

Operating Across Levels in the Global Economic Hierarchy

2018 ◽  
pp. 796-820
Author(s):  
Helena Barnard ◽  
Theresa Onaji-Benson
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Emerging Multinationals

The categories “emerging” and “advanced” multinationals gloss over the “middleness” of multinationals from and even in middle-income countries. Middle-income countries face weaker institutions and smaller markets than high-income countries, but conditions are better than in low-income, typically least developed countries. Similarly, skills levels and wages are higher than in low-income countries, but lower than in high-income countries. We argue that this “middleness” matters. Emerging multinationals leverage their position in the global economic hierarchy as brokers working with lead firms, local optimizers operating only downstream, specialist niche providers working only upstream, and sometimes global consolidators operating across the hierarchy. Advanced multinationals use the global economic hierarchy to expand as lead firms in global value chains or pecking order exploiters that enter low-income countries through middle-income countries. Our research, using evidence from South African multinationals, expands our understanding of multinationals’ operations, especially in Africa.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors and Future Trends of Global Climate Governance Pattern and China’s Responsive Measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
Hongbo CHEN ◽  
Ying ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Climate Governance

Since the 1990s, the global climate governance pattern has kept evolving from the initial two camps of developed and developing countries to the current pattern of multi-polarity, featuring the withdrawal and return of Paris Agreement by the United States, the declining leadership of the EU, the coalition of BASIC countries, and the rise of the least developed countries and small island developing states as newly emerging forces. This evolution mainly results from the combined effects of three factors: (i) The changes in the carbon emission pattern driven by population, economic growth, and technological progress; (ii) the stronger influences and power of discourse of the least developed countries and small island developing states as derived from the impacts of and vulnerability to climate change; and (iii) the impacts brought about by uncertain factors such as the uncertainties in terms of science, politics, and technological progress. These factors will still affect the trend of global climate governance in the future. The carbon emissions of developed countries will continue to take a less share in the world’s total, while the proportion of India and the least developed countries in this respect will rise rapidly, which will make global climate governance face a dilemma. Technological progress and the positive actions of non-state entities indicate that the international climate system needs reform and innovation. The rapid development of China over the past three decades has been synchronized with the evolution of the global governance structure, and has naturally become one of the internal factors driving the evolution of climate governance pattern. In the face of various pressure and challenges, China has been pushed to the forefront of global climate governance. China should observe the general trends within and outside the country, and respond to them rationally: (i) Set the proper role of China in the new pattern of global climate governance, i.e. a cooperation leader who should make positive contributions and avoid premature advance; (ii) innovate the concept and institutional system of global climate governance, and study and put forward the Chinese approach that is positive, pragmatic, and operable; (iii) help low-income countries cope with climate change by virtue of renewable energy technology and industrial cooperation, and achieve a win–win situation by encouraging Chinese enterprises to “go out” and helping low-income countries effectively control carbon emissions; and (iv) strengthen the climate cooperation with non-state actors, give play to their special role, and promote China’s comprehensive reform and opening-up.

scholarly journals RECENT TRENDS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ETHIOPIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 6281-6287
Author(s):  
Chala Wata Dereso
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Education System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Government

Ethiopia is the second-largest country in African content with a population of 905 million whereas Nigeria occupied first place with a population of 105 million. As per the Human Development Index, Ethiopia ranked as 173rd position out of 189 countries. It is one of the least developed countries (LDCs) in the world. Presently, Ethiopia has been facing various challenges an efficient education system and the rapid expansion of the population in Ethiopia. As per the African standards, by 2050 the population of Ethiopia will be raised to 191 million and less than 15 years of age people more than 40%. Ethiopia is one of the faster-growing economies during the last decade about the fivefold raised i.e., from USD136 to USD 768. As per the World Bank, Ethiopia is one of the disadvantaged countries during the 20th century due to a lack of efficiency and shortage of teachers. This paper focuses on the recent trends in low-income country of Ethiopia primary, secondary, higher education, to investigate the expenditure incurred by the government influencing the growth of the economy and to give appropriate suggestions for the improvement of the education system in Ethiopia.  

scholarly journals Preferential tariffs and development of Norwegian rose import from Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-361
Author(s):  
Hege Medin ◽  
Maren Elise Bachke
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Preferential Tariff

PurposeImports of cut roses increased after Norway implemented a preferential tariff scheme for the least developed countries in 2002. When the scheme was extended to more countries in 2008 – among them Kenya – imports exploded. This article studies the subsequent changes in supply channels, import costs and the way Norwegian firms imported.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data, obtained through interviews among five rose importers, are combined with quantitative data for all importing firms and transactions in Norway for the years 2003–2014. These data are analysed in light of recent economic theories on international trade.FindingsWhen Kenya was included in the scheme, imports from Europe and domestic production in Norway decreased substantially. Imports from some African countries with low income levels also declined. Importing under GSP involves high fixed import costs due to stringent procedures. Each firm's imports increased gradually, and over time learning may have facilitated importing. Direct trade with African producers and control over the logistics chain seem to have become more important.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis builds mainly on data for Norwegian importers, not for African exporters.Practical implicationsSimplifying the GSP procedures could increase Norwegian imports from developing countries and induce establishment of new trade relationships, perhaps also for other products than roses.Originality/valueUsing a mixture of original qualitative data as well as unique, detailed and comprehensive quantitative data, the article provides new insights into how preferential tariff reductions for developing countries’ exports to a developed country affect trade and buyer–supplier relationships.

Quantification of Vitamin A in Fortified Rapeseed, Groundnut and Soya Oils Using a Simple Portable Device: Comparison to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Renaud ◽  
Jacques Berger ◽  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Sylvie Avallone
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Assay Precision

Vitamin A deficiency is still one of the major public health problems in least developed countries. Fortification of vegetable oils is a strategy implemented worldwide to prevent this deficiency. For a fortification program to be effective, regular monitoring is necessary to control food quality in the producing units. The reference methods for vitamin A quantification are expensive and time-consuming. A rapid method should be useful for regular assessment of vitamin A in the oil industry. A portable device was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for three plant oils (rapeseed, groundnut, and soya). The device presented a good linearity from 3 to 30 mg retinol equivalents per kg (mg RE.kg- 1). Its limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg RE.kg- 1 for groundnut and rapeseed oils and 4 mg RE.kg- 1 for soya oil. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.48 % to 3.98 %, considered satisfactory. Accuracy estimated by the root mean squares error ranged from 3.99 to 5.49 and revealed a lower precision than HPLC (0.4 to 2.25). Although it offers less precision than HPLC, the device estimates quickly the vitamin A content of the tested oils from 3 or 4 to 15 mg RE.kg- 1.

EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ASPECTS AND APPROACHES

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
JAVED ALAM SHEIKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
World Population ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

Almost 50 per cent of the world population is constituted by the women and they have been making substantial contribution to socio-economic development. But, unfortunately their tremendous contribution remains unrecognized and unnoticed in most of the developing and least developed countries causing the problem of poverty among them. Empowering women has become the key element in the development of an economy. With women moving forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves. Hence, improving the status of women by way of their economic empowerment is highly called for. Entrepreneurship is a key tool for the economic empowerment of women around the world for alleviating poverty. Entrepreneurship is now widely recognized as a tool of economic development in India also. In this paper I have tried to discuss the reasons and role of Women Entrepreneurship with the help of Push and Pull factors. In the last I have also discussed the problems and the road map of Women Entrepreneurs development in India.

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