scholarly journals Adaptation to flooding in low‐income urban settlements in the least developed countries: A systems approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-326
Author(s):  
Anika Nasra Haque ◽  
Mike Bithell ◽  
Keith S. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Urban Settlements

A Systems Approach for Sustainably Reducing Childhood Diarrheal Deaths in Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 1208-1227
Author(s):  
Monica Gray
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Sub Saharan

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death and is the major cause of malnutrition in children under age 5 worldwide. More than 50 percent of the cases occur in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Open defecation, substandard fecal disposal systems, and contaminated water supplies are the typical causes of diarrheal diseases. This public health crisis in low income countries mirrors the experiences of today's industrialized nations two centuries ago. The lessons learned from their sanitary evolution can be instructive in charting a sustainable path towards saving the lives of almost 2 million children annually. In this chapter a case study of Cuba's sanitary reformation is also presented to showcase successes, similar to those of developed countries, within a developing country and economically challenging context.

scholarly journals GLOBAL POVERTY REDUCTION AND PARETO-IMPROVING REDISTRIBUTION

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus C. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Wealth Redistribution ◽  
Pareto Improving

Can a transfer of wealth from the United States to the least developed countries be Pareto improving? We analyze this question in an open-economy R&D-based growth model, in which the high-income (low-income) country produces innovative (homogeneous) goods. We find that wealth redistribution to the low-income country simultaneously reduces global inequality and increases economic growth through an increase in labor supply in the high-income country. Given that the market equilibrium of R&D-based growth models is usually inefficient due to R&D externalities, the wealth redistribution may lead to a Pareto improvement, which occurs if the discount rate is sufficiently low or R&D productivity is sufficiently high.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Drivers of Adoption of Small-Scale Aquaculture in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Diedrich ◽  
Jessica Blythe ◽  
Elizabeth Petersen ◽  
Epsi Euriga ◽  
Anna Fatchiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Averaging ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
People’S Perceptions

Aquaculture has a critical role in achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals of increasing benefits that low-income and least-developed countries derive from marine resources. Its capacity to deliver these outcomes is challenging, particularly for marginalized groups. This is especially true if the introduction of novel technologies is applied with incomplete understanding of socio-economic and bio-physical contexts. We examined what socio-economic factors affect people’s perceptions of adoption of lobster aquaculture in rural households in Indonesia. We used multiple linear regression with model averaging to test the influence of five capital assets (human, social, natural, physical, and financial), including agency, equity, and household sensitivity, on people’s perceived ability to adopt lobster aquaculture. Agency and sensitivity had the greatest influence on the dependent variable. We then used correlation analysis to develop a heuristic model of potential indirect causal mechanisms affecting people’s perceptions of adoption. Our results point to the existence of a ‘sensitivity trap’, where more sensitive or marginalized households are less likely to engage in new economic opportunities. We emphasize the value of multifaceted programs for improving livelihoods, particularly for poorer, more vulnerable households as one way to support the UN’s commitment to using aquaculture as a pathway to achieving sustainable development.

scholarly journals Achieving flexible competence: bridging the investment dichotomy between infectious diseases and cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. e003252
Author(s):  
C Norman Coleman ◽  
Monique K Mansoura ◽  
Maria Julia Marinissen ◽  
Surbhi Grover ◽  
Manjit Dosanjh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wide Range

Today’s global health challenges in underserved communities include the growing burden of cancer and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs); infectious diseases (IDs) with epidemic and pandemic potential such as COVID-19; and health effects from catastrophic ‘all hazards’ disasters including natural, industrial or terrorist incidents. Healthcare disparities in low-income and middle-income countries and in some rural areas in developed countries make it a challenge to mitigate these health, socioeconomic and political consequences on our globalised society. As with IDs, cancer requires rapid intervention and its effective medical management and prevention encompasses the other major NCDs. Furthermore, the technology and clinical capability for cancer care enables management of NCDs and IDs. Global health initiatives that call for action to address IDs and cancer often focus on each problem separately, or consider cancer care only a downstream investment to primary care, missing opportunities to leverage investments that could support broader capacity-building. From our experience in health disparities, disaster preparedness, government policy and healthcare systems we have initiated an approach we call flex-competence which emphasises a systems approach from the outset of program building that integrates investment among IDs, cancer, NCDs and disaster preparedness to improve overall healthcare for the local community. This approach builds on trusted partnerships, multi-level strategies and a healthcare infrastructure providing surge capacities to more rapidly respond to and manage a wide range of changing public health threats.

Climate Financing Through the Adaptation Fund: What Determines Fund Allocation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihisa Mori ◽  
Syed M. Rahman ◽  
Md. Nasir Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Fund Allocation ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Method Approach

There is an ongoing debate about criteria based on which allocation of climate finance, particularly financing adaptation, is made. This article aims at investigating the determinants of fund allocation and the consequences of rearrangement considering the case of the Adaptation Fund (AF). This research conducts a mixed-method approach including binary logistic regression and multiple regressions to analyze the factors that influence access to and volume of funding from the AF, respectively, along with a qualitative assessment of the AF’s institutional features. The findings suggest that the level of vulnerability of a country is likely to affect accessibility to and the volume of funding from the AF. Besides, low-income countries are more likely while least developed countries are less likely to access the fund. Readiness of country is not significant for accessing the AF; however, it affects the volume of funding. Funding allocation rearrangement may put the AF on pressure for effective use of the readiness program.

A Systems Approach for Sustainably Reducing Childhood Diarrheal Deaths in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Monica Gray
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Sub Saharan

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death and is the major cause of malnutrition in children under age 5 worldwide. More than 50 percent of the cases occur in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Open defecation, substandard fecal disposal systems, and contaminated water supplies are the typical causes of diarrheal diseases. This public health crisis in low income countries mirrors the experiences of today's industrialized nations two centuries ago. The lessons learned from their sanitary evolution can be instructive in charting a sustainable path towards saving the lives of almost 2 million children annually. In this chapter a case study of Cuba's sanitary reformation is also presented to showcase successes, similar to those of developed countries, within a developing country and economically challenging context.

Operating Across Levels in the Global Economic Hierarchy

2018 ◽  
pp. 796-820
Author(s):  
Helena Barnard ◽  
Theresa Onaji-Benson
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Emerging Multinationals

The categories “emerging” and “advanced” multinationals gloss over the “middleness” of multinationals from and even in middle-income countries. Middle-income countries face weaker institutions and smaller markets than high-income countries, but conditions are better than in low-income, typically least developed countries. Similarly, skills levels and wages are higher than in low-income countries, but lower than in high-income countries. We argue that this “middleness” matters. Emerging multinationals leverage their position in the global economic hierarchy as brokers working with lead firms, local optimizers operating only downstream, specialist niche providers working only upstream, and sometimes global consolidators operating across the hierarchy. Advanced multinationals use the global economic hierarchy to expand as lead firms in global value chains or pecking order exploiters that enter low-income countries through middle-income countries. Our research, using evidence from South African multinationals, expands our understanding of multinationals’ operations, especially in Africa.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors and Future Trends of Global Climate Governance Pattern and China’s Responsive Measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
Hongbo CHEN ◽  
Ying ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Climate Governance

Since the 1990s, the global climate governance pattern has kept evolving from the initial two camps of developed and developing countries to the current pattern of multi-polarity, featuring the withdrawal and return of Paris Agreement by the United States, the declining leadership of the EU, the coalition of BASIC countries, and the rise of the least developed countries and small island developing states as newly emerging forces. This evolution mainly results from the combined effects of three factors: (i) The changes in the carbon emission pattern driven by population, economic growth, and technological progress; (ii) the stronger influences and power of discourse of the least developed countries and small island developing states as derived from the impacts of and vulnerability to climate change; and (iii) the impacts brought about by uncertain factors such as the uncertainties in terms of science, politics, and technological progress. These factors will still affect the trend of global climate governance in the future. The carbon emissions of developed countries will continue to take a less share in the world’s total, while the proportion of India and the least developed countries in this respect will rise rapidly, which will make global climate governance face a dilemma. Technological progress and the positive actions of non-state entities indicate that the international climate system needs reform and innovation. The rapid development of China over the past three decades has been synchronized with the evolution of the global governance structure, and has naturally become one of the internal factors driving the evolution of climate governance pattern. In the face of various pressure and challenges, China has been pushed to the forefront of global climate governance. China should observe the general trends within and outside the country, and respond to them rationally: (i) Set the proper role of China in the new pattern of global climate governance, i.e. a cooperation leader who should make positive contributions and avoid premature advance; (ii) innovate the concept and institutional system of global climate governance, and study and put forward the Chinese approach that is positive, pragmatic, and operable; (iii) help low-income countries cope with climate change by virtue of renewable energy technology and industrial cooperation, and achieve a win–win situation by encouraging Chinese enterprises to “go out” and helping low-income countries effectively control carbon emissions; and (iv) strengthen the climate cooperation with non-state actors, give play to their special role, and promote China’s comprehensive reform and opening-up.

scholarly journals RECENT TRENDS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ETHIOPIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 6281-6287
Author(s):  
Chala Wata Dereso
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Education System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Government

Ethiopia is the second-largest country in African content with a population of 905 million whereas Nigeria occupied first place with a population of 105 million. As per the Human Development Index, Ethiopia ranked as 173rd position out of 189 countries. It is one of the least developed countries (LDCs) in the world. Presently, Ethiopia has been facing various challenges an efficient education system and the rapid expansion of the population in Ethiopia. As per the African standards, by 2050 the population of Ethiopia will be raised to 191 million and less than 15 years of age people more than 40%. Ethiopia is one of the faster-growing economies during the last decade about the fivefold raised i.e., from USD136 to USD 768. As per the World Bank, Ethiopia is one of the disadvantaged countries during the 20th century due to a lack of efficiency and shortage of teachers. This paper focuses on the recent trends in low-income country of Ethiopia primary, secondary, higher education, to investigate the expenditure incurred by the government influencing the growth of the economy and to give appropriate suggestions for the improvement of the education system in Ethiopia.  

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