The Effect of Selective Breeding for Body Weight on Geometric Properties in Turkey Femurs

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Muckley ◽  
Serife Agcaoglu ◽  
Ziwei Zhong ◽  
Hansi Zhao ◽  
Morgan Grisham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Femoral Fractures ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Acute Trauma ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Microcrack Propagation ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Type Of Failure

Crespo et al. (1999) was the first to identify the problem of turkey femoral fractures in breeding farms [3]. It was suggested that this type of failure was the result of fatigue under daily activities as opposed to acute trauma [1]. There are a number of factors that can lead to decreased bone integrity including ineffective bone mineralization, microcrack propagation and changes in collagen fibril orientation [1, 4, 5].

scholarly journals Phenotype variability and relations between basic parameters of morphological development in young Balkan donkeys

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Vladan Djermanovic ◽  
Sreten Mitrovic ◽  
Ruzica Trailovic ◽  
Dragisa Trailovic ◽  
Sergej Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Body Frame ◽  
Native Breed ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Basic Parameters

Balkan donkey is native breed of donkeys evolutively adapted to modest breeding conditions and different climatic systems including harsh and severe climate of Serbian mountains. Unfortunately, the purposes for breeding small donkeys have been lost during the 20th century so the population is regressing. There has been no selective breeding of the autochthonous donkeys in Serbia therefore the data on breed characteristics are recent and few. The monitoring of morphological characteristics of autochthonous Balkan donkey population in Serbia have been performed in aim to characterize the population and to define the importance of autochthonous donkeys as national genetic resource . The morphometric parameters evaluated i.e. height at withers (HWi) body length (BLe), thorax girth (TGi), cannon perimeter (CPe) and body weight (BW) in young Balkan donkeys bred in traditional conditions were used for establishment of the following body indexes: Index of Body Frame (IBF), Index of Body Compactness (BCI), Index of Conformation (CoI) and Dactyl-costal Index (DCI) reflecting body development and conformational relations in Balkan donkey population in Serbia.

Review of an EMG-Controlled Prosthetic Arm

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Rishabh Kumar ◽  
Aditya Kumar Singh ◽  
Sabyasachi Mukaherjee
Keyword(s):  
Daily Activities ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Myoelectric Prosthesis ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems

Amputation, especially of the upper limbs, is a condition that exists in almost all parts of the world. There are more than 110 thousand amputees in India itself. It is extremely difficult for amputees to carry out their daily activities and to deal with daily life as normal people do. The purpose of the myoelectric prosthesis is to restore the basic functions of the lost organs in the joint using neural signals produced by the muscles. Unfortunately, the use of such myosignals is complicated. In addition, once detected, it usually requires a computational force strong enough to convert it into a user-controlled signal. Its modification to the actual function of the implant is limited by a number of factors, especially those associated with the fact that each amputee has a different muscle movement. Modified artificial intelligence systems designed for pattern recognition have the potential to improve the size of implants but still fail to provide a system in which artificial arms can be controlled by brain signals.

scholarly journals Pork Production with Entire Males: Directions for Control of Boar Taint

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. James Squires ◽  
Christine Bone ◽  
Jocelyn Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Boar taint is caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole and other indoles in the fat; this is regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation of these compounds and can be affected by a number of factors, including environment and management practices, sexual maturity, nutrition, and genetics. Boar taint can be controlled by immunocastration, but this practice has not been accepted in some countries. Genetics offers a long-term solution to the boar taint problem via selective breeding or genome editing. A number of short-term strategies to control boar taint have been proposed, but these can have inconsistent effects and there is too much variability between breeds and individuals to implement a blanket solution for boar taint. Therefore, we propose a precision livestock management approach to developing solutions for controlling taint. This involves determining the differences in metabolic processes and the genetic variations that cause boar taint in specific groups of pigs and using this information to design custom treatments based on the cause of boar taint. Genetic, proteomic or metabolomic profiling can then be used to identify and implement effective solutions for boar taint for specific populations of animals.

Crossbred sheep production I. Factors affecting production from the crossbred ewe flock

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Yalçin ◽  
Maurice Bichard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Secondary Product ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Sheep Production

Donald (1962) has recently pointed out the paucity of available data on production from British sheep, though some information is available for hill sheep (see for example Donald, 1958; Purser and Roberts, 1959; Purser and Young, 1959; Dalton, 1962). Most of these refer mainly to the Scottish Blackface and Welsh Mountain breeds. Hill sheep form approximately 40% of the national flock of over 11 million breeding ewes. Another 40% of ewes are found in crossbred flocks mainly kept on the lowlands; these produce fat lambs and hoggets with wool as a secondary product. Very little information has so far been published on these crossbred ewes, exceptions being work reported by Bywater (1945) and Rennie (1957). This is the first of three papers to be presented with the object of providing such information, and is based mainly on the work of Yalçin (1963). It is hoped that these papers will be of use on two counts:1. To provide a documentation of one specific cross, the Border Leicester × Cheviot ewe and her Suffolk-cross lambs under North of England grassland conditions.2. To analyse the usefulness of keeping production records within such flocks as aids to good commercial management, to culling and to selective breeding.In this paper the traits studied are body weight, fleece weight and litter size of the ewes, and the weights of the lambs between birth and slaughter or weaning. Estimates were obtained for the effects upon some of these traits of age and live-weight of ewe, and of sex, year and type of birth and rearing of the lambs. The usefulness of such correction factors is considered within recording schemes. In subsequent papers the effects on production of differences between crossbred ewes and between the rams used as fat lamb sires will be considered.

The influence of sodium supplementation of two phosphorus sources on performance and bone mineralization of growing-finishing swine evaluated at two geographical locations

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Kornegay ◽  
M. D. Lindemann ◽  
H. S. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Sodium Phosphates ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Geographical Locations

Crossbred pigs (n = 144) were used at two geographical locations (mountain and coastal) to evaluate the effects of varied Na intake on growth performance, serum minerals and bone characteristics of growing-finishing swine (average initial body weight 24.5 kg) fed either defluorinated phosphate (DFP) which contained 5% Na or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) which contained < 0.1% Na. The six dietary treatments were DFP with 0, 0.07, 0.14 and 0.28% added Na and DCP with 0 and 0.14% added Na. The basal corn-soybean meal diet contained 0.01% Na, and the Cl content was held constant at 0.25% in all diets. Drinking water at the mountain location contained 4 mg L−1 Na and 194 mg L−1 Na at the coastal location. Growth performance did not differ among treatments, with the exception of pigs fed the DCP diet without added Na (total Na, 0.01%) at the mountain location which had depressed daily gain, daily feed intake and feed per gain compared with all other diets. When metacarpals (MC) and metatarsals (MT) taken from barrows at slaughter were examined on a body weight-corrected basis, Na intake and P source did not consistently influence bone dimensional and strength characteristics. Pigs fed the DCP diet without added Na at the mountain location had a lower Na and higher Mg content of MC and MT, and serum Na and Ca concentrations were reduced while serum P, Mg and K concentrations were unchanged. Varying Na intake did not influence bone strength and mineralization, and the Na in defluorinated phosphate and drinking water is readily available for growing pigs. Key words: Sodium, phosphates, bone mineralization, pigs

scholarly journals Kebutuhan Kalsium Ayam Broiler Fase Starter dengan Penambahan Enzim Fitase

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Eny Sholikhatin ◽  
Ferry Poernama ◽  
Nanung Danar Dono ◽  
Zuprizal .
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Bone Ash

The aim of this study was to determine the calcium requirements of broiler chickens in starter phase with the addition of phytase enzyme. This experiment used 1,200 broiler chickens (mixed sex) for 21 days rearing period in a closed house. The basal diets was corn and soybean meal which contained 0.097% Ca and 0.123% P-av. The treatments consisted of 6 diets treatment: P1 (basal diet with the addition of 0.42% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), and then P2 to P6 were basal diet with the addition of 0.22% NPP and 1,000 FTU/kg phytase and the addition of calcium (Ca) at different levels: 0.82% (P2); 0.74% (P3); 0.66% (P4); 0.58% (P5) and 0.50% (P6). The growth performance, feed efficiency, and bone mineralization parameters were studied using Oneway ANOVA in a Completely Randomized Design. Duncan's new Multiple Ranges Test was used to separate means with significant differences. Results showed that 0.90% Ca supplementation without phytase and the reduction levels of Ca from 0.82% to 0.50% increased the amount of feed consumed by birds in all growth phases (P<0.05). The addition of phytase had beneficial effects on increasing body weight (P<0.05) and average of body weight gain (P<0.05), and decreased the value of FCR in 11 - 21 days and 1 - 21 days. The addition of phytase increased protein and energy consumption, followed by increased in the value of PER and  EER (P<0.05). When phytase was added in the diets, reduction levels of Ca in the diets up to 0.50% did not give any adverse effect on the tibia bone ash. It can be concluded that feeding with phytase can sustain growth performance, feed efficiency, and bone mineralization.

scholarly journals Osteodensitometric Characteristics of Bone Tissue in Women with Normal Body Weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
I. G. Pashkova
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Normal Body Weight

The aim of the study was to investigate age-related changes in bone mineralization indicators in the lumbar vertebrae in women with normal body weight living in the conditions of the Northern region.Material and methods. A complex somatometric examination and quantitative assessment of the bone tissue mineral density in the lumbar vertebrae were performed according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of a group of Slavic women (n=127) with a normal body weight (BMI values from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) aged 20 to 87 years, permanently residing in the Republic of Karelia. Statistical processing of the material was performed using the program "STATISTICA 6.0".Results. The BMI values in women increased significantly every decade of life. Direct correlations of mineral bone density (MBD) with the body length (r=0.46, p<0.001), with the body surface area (r=0.46, p<0.001), with absolute muscle mass (MM) (r=0.39, p<0.001), and with body mass (r=0.29, p<0.001) were revealed. No significant correlation with the adipose mass was found. The incidence of low MBD of the lumbar vertebrae was 48%: osteopenia was in 29%, osteoporosis was in 19% of women. The analysis of the component composition of the body in women with different levels of bone mass showed significant differences in the absolute content of muscle mass.Conclusion. In women with a normal BMI, body weight and muscle mass play an essential role in maintaining lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density.

Changes in Turkey Femora Mechanical Properties Resulting From Selective Breeding for Body Weight

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziwei Zhong ◽  
Serife Agcaoglu ◽  
Matthew Muckley ◽  
Hansi Zhao ◽  
Darrin Karcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Organ Protection ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
Integral Role

Bone plays an integral role in movement and organ protection. To accomplish these tasks successfully, bone must not only be able to withstand daily fatigue loading, but also have a safety margin for unexpected high loads. The two major inputs that determine bone structure are genetics and environmental stresses [1]. Excessive stresses on bone are dissipated through the formation of microcracks [1]. When the remodeling dynamics are altered, problems such as trabecular and cortical thinning, and inadequate microcrack repair may occur, ultimately leading to bone failure [1].

The effect of the environment on phenotypic variability

1958 ◽  
Vol 149 (935) ◽  
pp. 192-203 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Biometrical Genetics ◽  
Hot Environment

Mice were raised from birth to 4 weeks of age in three climatic chambers maintained at temperatures of 28 °C (‘hot’), 21 °C (‘temperate’) and 5 °C (‘cold’). Their individual weights were recorded at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4, and analyzed for the sexes separately. Our object was to test the hypothesis of ‘environmental destabilization’, according to which the mice raised in the extreme climates would be expected to be more variable than those raised in the temperate conditions to which the species has been adapted by natural selection. In overall variability the mice raised in the extreme climates greatly exceeded the temperate level. This was partly due to an exacerbation, particularly in the cold, of the normal tendency for body weight to vary inversely with the number of mice in the litter. But it was in part due to an increase of variability among litter-mates: this effect, which we take to be a genuine example of ‘destabilization’, was more pronounced in the hot environment than in the cold. Members of large litters varied more among themselves than members of small litters. All the effects described above were, in general, more pronounced in the female than in the male The possibility, suggested by this work, that phenotypic variation may be affected by the level of a uniformly acting environmental influence during development has implications for biometrical genetics, selective breeding and evolution.

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