Testing of the Prototype Low-Durometer Hybrid III Neck for Improved Biofidelity

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline G. Paver ◽  
Justin Caplinger ◽  
Garrett Mattos ◽  
Donald Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Lower Hybrid ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
Impact Duration

This study is part of an ongoing research project aimed at mitigating catastrophic human neck injuries, predominantly due to neck bending, in rollover crashes. Presently, the Hybrid III dummy is considered to be the best available human surrogate for dynamic rollover tests. However, there are known biofidelity and instrumentation limitations associated with its use to predict catastrophic neck injuries in real-world rollover crashes. A previous study investigated the use of the non-biofidelic Hybrid III dummy in a dynamic rollover test to accurately predict the predominant human neck bending injury sustained in real-world rollover crashes. An empirical relationship between upper and lower Hybrid III neck loading was derived. The effects of neck preflexion angle, roof impact speed, roof crush, onset-to-peak neck axial forces and moments, and impact duration on neck bending injury were identified. Peak neck injury measures were rejected. For this study, the 67-durometer Hybrid III production neck was fabricated with more compliant 35-durometer butyl rubber in order improve the dummy biofidelity in rollover tests. The tests in the previous study were repeated. Correlations were established between the prototype and production necks. Parametric studies of the prototype neck revealed similar trends as observed with the Hybrid III production neck.

An Improved Dummy Neck Assembly for Dynamic Rollover Testing

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline G. Paver ◽  
Justin Caplinger ◽  
Garrett Mattos ◽  
Donald Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Stiff Neck ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Compliance Testing ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Rollover Crash

In the U.S., more than 27,000 catastrophic and fatal injuries occur annually in rollover crashes. Due to the incidence and severity of injuries in rollover crashes, a strategy for injury mitigation is dynamic compliance testing with dummy-occupied vehicles and occupant protection requirements, similar to that required for frontal and side impacts. Presently, there are dynamic vehicle rollover test devices like the Controlled Rollover Impact System and the Jordan Rollover System that realistically recreate real-world rollover crash scenarios. However, the Hybrid III dummy, which is considered to be the best available human surrogate for dynamic rollover tests, has a very stiff neck with limited biofidelity in rollover crashes; the Hybrid III neck is much stiffer than the human neck. Catastrophic human head or neck injuries resulting from roof interaction and partial ejection in real-world rollover crashes are poorly replicated by dynamic rollover tests with the non-biofidelic Hybrid III dummy neck. Only with a more biofidelic dummy can effective testing result in injury mitigation in rollover crashes. This study is part of an ongoing research project aimed at mitigating catastrophic human neck injuries in real-world rollover crashes. The goal was to develop a biofidelic neck assembly for the Hybrid III dummy in rollover crash environments. The design goals of this prototype neck included decreased stiffness and a mechanism that represents the unknowable human muscle tension in rollover crash environments. This paper and its companion paper in this conference introduce the new neck design, present results of matched-pair tests that compare the responses of the new neck with the production Hybrid III neck, and propose preliminary rollover injury criteria for this neck. The neck demonstrates repeatability, improved biofidelity, which results in more realistic occupant kinematics, dynamics, injury prediction, and evaluation of various countermeasures.

Prediction of Human Neck Injury in Rollovers From Dynamic Tests Using the Hybrid III Dummy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Friedman ◽  
Jacqueline G. Paver ◽  
Justin Caplinger ◽  
Fred Carlin ◽  
David Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Neck Flexion ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Injury Potential

In the U.S, there are approximately 27,000 occupants seriously injured or killed annually in rollover crashes. This study is part of an ongoing research project aimed at mitigating catastrophic human neck injuries in rollovers using results of dynamic tests, which utilize Hybrid III dummies as human surrogates. A methodology is being developed for replicating, predicting, and differentiating between axial compression and the more predominant neck flexion injuries. This paper presents platen tests, which were performed to determine Hybrid III dummy positioning and instrumentation for use in dynamic rollover tests. In addition, this paper demonstrates the use of the Pintar, et al. logistic regression curves to predict the probability of major flexion neck injury in the human from measured and adjusted Hybrid III dummy neck data. The capability of the Hybrid III dummy neck to realistically evaluate human neck injury potential is discussed.

scholarly journals Computer Simulations of Contact Forces for Airbags with Different Folding Patterns During Deployment Phase

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-245
Author(s):  
King H. Yang ◽  
Yun-Qiang Li ◽  
Danyu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Shear Force ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Neck Flexion ◽  
Explicit Finite Element Method ◽  
Explicit Finite Element ◽  
Great Caution ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Flexion Moment ◽  
Automobile Crash

An explicit finite element method was used to study the neck load and the contact force between an occupant and an airbag during an out-of-position frontal automobile crash. Two different folding patterns and two different mounting angles of the airbag were simulated. For the four cases simulated, the occupant’s neck axial force ranged from 156 to 376% of the data obtained from in-position sled tests using the Hybrid III dummy. The neck shear force ranged from 87 to 229% and the neck flexion moment ranged from 68 to 127% of in-position experimental results. In both 300 mounting angle simulations, the neck axial forces were higher than that of the two simulations with 00 mounting angles, but the trend for the neck shear force was the opposite. Although the kinematics of the model appear reasonable, the numbers generated by the model must be reviewed with great caution because the model has not been fully validated.

Examining the interrelatedness between ontologies and Linked Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswanath Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Linked Data ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
World Systems ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
The One ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Ontology and Linked Data (LD) are the two prominent web technologies that have emerged in the recent past. Both of them are at the center of Semantic Web and its applications. Researchers and developers from both academia and business are actively working in these areas. The increasing interest in these technologies promoted the growth of LD sets and ontologies on the web. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible relationships between them. The effort is to investigate the possible roles that ontologies may play in further empowering the LD. In a similar fashion, the author also studies the possible roles that LD may play to empower ontologies. Design/methodology/approach The work is mainly carried out by exploring the ontology- and LD-based real-world systems, and by reviewing the existing literature. Findings The current work reveals, in general, that both the technologies are interdependent and have lots to offer to each other for their faster growth and meaningful development. Specifically, anything that we can do with LD, we can do more by adding an ontology to it. Practical implications The author envisions that the current work, in the one hand, will help in boosting the successful implementation and the delivery of semantic applications; on the other hand, it will also become a food for the future researchers in further investigating the relationships between the ontologies and LD. Originality/value So far, as per the author’s knowledge, there are very little works that have attempted in exploring the relationships between the ontologies and LD. In this work, the author illustrates the real-world systems that are based on ontology and LD, discusses the issues and challenges and finally illustrates their interdependency discussing some of the ongoing research works.

scholarly journals Crashworthiness of vehicle-to-pole collisions using a hybrid III 3-year-old child dummy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vid Krznaric
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Child Injuries ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Energy Absorbing

To date, statistics indicate that motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of death and injury for children despite improved crashworthiness of vehicles and child restraint systems, since children are at risk for devastating head and neck injuries due to their fragile physiology. Thus, this thesis focused on minimizing child injuries experienced during frontal vehicle-to-pole collisions by improving on the safety and energy absorption of existing traffic pole structures. A finite element computer model, using LS-DYNA software, was used to simulate crash events in order to determine the influence of pole structural and material characteristics on the injury parameters of a 3-year-old child dummy occupant. It was concluded that the anchored base support, and the embedded pole in soil systems provide desirable crashworthy results. In addition, it is recommended to mandate traffic protection devices in all areas with poor energy absorbing characteristics that resemble non-deformable objects.

scholarly journals BricksAR: exploring the potential of augmented reality to inform assembly processes in construction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Pedro Andrade Caixeta ◽  
André Luís De Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manual Assembly ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Real ◽  
Modeling Simulation ◽  
Design Production ◽  
Manufacturing Methods ◽  
Assembly Operations

The use of Augmented Reality (AR) systems in construction processes can represent an essential transformation in the communication between design and production. However, supposing that design-production translations can be obtained from several manufacturing methods (such as robotic, manual, modular, non-modular, and others), there are not enough studies that explored the potential uses of AR as an assistant for assembly operations. To tackle this problem, this ongoing research proposes to investigate the potentials of a low-cost and marker-based AR system to conduct different manual assembly processes. With the observational focus on aspects of precision and feasibility, we used scientific reductions based on modeling, simulation, and prototyping to provide inferences about the proposed tool's behavior in the real world.

Unmasking the Mah Meri mask: A digitization journey for AR and VR

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-51
Author(s):  
Delas Santano ◽  
Human Esmaeili ◽  
Harold Thwaites ◽  
Shamsul Amar
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Real World ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Real ◽  
Entire Process ◽  
Long Time

The Mah Meri is an indigenous tribe in Malaysia, specifically located in the central region of the peninsular. As part of an ongoing research project to digitize their way of life, this article focuses on the aspects of documenting their wooden masks and statues that are carved by hand. They use these masks and statues in their animistic rituals, and each of these artefacts represents a folklore story in the Mah Meri culture and heritage. For a long time, these masks and statues have become a source of income for the Mah Meri carvers, as they get requests from collectors and enthusiasts. However, these days the craft not only faces the issue of dwindling number of carvers, but also the source of wood they use for carving the masks and statues. Thus, as part of the research in digitizing the masks and statues, we also collected the folklore stories of each artefact. Additionally, we used photogrammetry techniques to digitize the masks and statues formation process. The main idea is to create an experience that not only preserves and represents the art of the Mah Meri people, but also enables the users to interact with the carving process of the exact mask or statute. This is highly unlikely in the real world in an immersive form. In this project, we refer to this as ‘Digitization of States’, i.e. three-dimensional (3D) capturing of specific stages of the carving process before they are gone. The 3D-captured materials, combined with other forms of audio-visual data are used in creation of procedural and informative AR/VR experiences. To achieve this, a cross collaboration between the carvers and the researchers took place. More information about the entire process is provided in the article.

Laboratory Reconstructions of Real World Frontal Crash Configurations Using the Hybrid III and THOR Dummies and PMHS

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Petitjean ◽  
Matthieu Lebarbe ◽  
Pascal Potier ◽  
Xavier Trosseille ◽  
Jean-Pierre Lassau
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Frontal Crash ◽  
Hybrid Iii

scholarly journals Equivalent stabilizing force of members parabolically compressed by longitudinally variable axial force

2019 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 09004
Author(s):  
Antoni Biegus ◽  
Dariusz Czepiżak
Keyword(s):  
Force Constant ◽  
Axial Force ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Support Zone ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
Parametric Analyses

The EN 1993-1-1 model of equivalent stabilizing force qd and Rd of bracings conservatively assumes that the braced member is compressed with a force constant along its length. This assumption is incorrect since the axial force distribution varies along the length of the braced member. As a result, the braced member generates equivalent stabilizing forces different from equivalent force qd and Rd acc. to EN 1993-1-1. This paper presents parametric studies of the equivalent stabilizing forces of the braced, compression top chord of roof trusses. The girder’s top chord is compressed parabolically by a variable axial force. The values of the axial compressive forces is: Nsupp in the support zone of truss and Nspan in the central zone of truss. Parametric analyses of the equivalent stabilizing force and the stress of the purlins and the bracings depending on axial forces Nsupp and Nspan in the braced member were carried out. The investigated problem is illustrated with exemplary calculations of the equivalent force in trusses.

Low-Speed Go-Kart Crash Tests and a Comparison to Activities of Daily Living

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Kloppenborg ◽  
Tara Amenson ◽  
Jacob Wernik ◽  
John Wiechel
Keyword(s):  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Stationary Target ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Frontal Impacts ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Oblique Impacts ◽  
Acceleration Force

Go-karts are a common amusement park feature enjoyed by people of all ages. While intended for racing, contact between go-karts does occur. To investigate and quantify the accelerations and forces which result from contact, 44 low-speed impacts were conducted between a stationary (target) and a moving (bullet) go-kart. The occupant of the bullet go-kart was one of two human volunteers. The occupant of the target go-kart was a Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test device (ATD). Impact configurations consisted of rear-end impacts, frontal impacts, side impacts, and oblique impacts. Results demonstrated high repeatability for the vehicle performance and occupant response. Go-kart accelerations and speed changes increased with increased impact speed. Impact duration and restitution generally decreased with increased impact speed. All ATD acceleration, force, and moment values increased with increased impact speed. Common injury metrics such as the head injury criterion (HIC), Nij, and Nkm were calculated and were found to be below injury thresholds. Occupant response was also compared to published activities of daily living data.

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