Zinc Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Use as MRI Contrast Agents

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Bárcena ◽  
Chalermchai Khemtong ◽  
Girija S. Chaubey ◽  
Chase W. Kessinger ◽  
J. Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Mri Contrast Agents ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Mri Contrast ◽  
Early Detection Of Disease ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Molecular imaging has become a rapidly evolving field used in various applications to target macromolecules and biological process [1,2]. Various imaging systems, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), use non-invasive techniques that provide disease-specific information through diagnostic imaging. Early detection of disease demonstrates the potential benefit of these systems.

Neuroimaging in dementia and depression

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
John O'Brien ◽  
Bob Barber
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Neuroimaging is traditionally divided into structural and functional imaging. Structural imaging looks at brain structure or anatomy and includes computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional techniques seek to examine the physiological functioning of the brain, either at rest or during activation, and include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), MRI spectroscopy, functional MRI (fMRI) and encephalographic brain mapping. Although fMRI, MRI spectroscopy and brain mapping are likely to have clinical applications in the near future, the main imaging modalities of current clinical relevance to psychiatrists are CT, MRI and SPECT, which will be the focus of this article.

Neuroimaging technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Mark Woolrich ◽  
Mark Jenkinson ◽  
Clare Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The brain is a highly complex system that is inaccessible to biopsy, which puts human brain imaging at the heart of our attempts to understand psychiatric disorders. Imaging has the potential to uncover the pathophysiology, provide biomarkers for use in the development and monitoring of treatments, and stratify patients for studies and trials. This chapter introduces the three main brain imaging technologies that are used to assay brain structure and function: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), molecular imaging positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); electrophysiology [electroencephoaography (EEG)]; and magnetoencephalograpy (MEG). The chapter outlines the principles behind their use and the nature of the information that can be extracted. Together, these brain imaging methods can provide complementary windows into the living brain as an increasingly essential suite of tools for experimental medicine in psychiatry.

scholarly journals Metals in Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9190
Author(s):  
Olga Krasnovskaya ◽  
Daniil Spector ◽  
Alexander Zlobin ◽  
Kirill Pavlov ◽  
Peter Gorelkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma, which occurs 7–15 years before the onset of cognitive symptoms of the pathology. Timely diagnostics of amyloid formations allows identifying AD at an early stage and initiating inhibitor therapy, delaying the progression of the disease. However, clinically used radiopharmaceuticals based on 11C and 18F are synchrotron-dependent and short-lived. The design of new metal-containing radiopharmaceuticals for AD visualization is of interest. The development of coordination compounds capable of effectively crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) requires careful selection of a ligand moiety, a metal chelating scaffold, and a metal cation, defining the method of supposed Aβ visualization. In this review, we have summarized metal-containing drugs for positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of Alzheimer’s disease. The obtained data allow assessing the structure-ability to cross the BBB ratio.

scholarly journals From Zn(II) to Cu(II) Detection by MRI Using Metal-Based Probes: Current Progress and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Kyangwi P. Malikidogo ◽  
Harlei Martin ◽  
Célia S. Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Hyperfine Shift ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Zinc and copper are essential cations involved in numerous biological processes, and variations in their concentrations can cause diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancers. Hence, detection and quantification of these cations are of utmost importance for the early diagnosis of disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responsive contrast agents (mainly Lanthanide(+III) complexes), relying on a change in the state of the MRI active part upon interaction with the cation of interest, e.g., switch ON/OFF or vice versa, have been successfully utilized to detect Zn2+ and are now being developed to detect Cu2+. These paramagnetic probes mainly exploit the relaxation-based properties (T1-based contrast agents), but also the paramagnetic induced hyperfine shift properties (paraCEST and parashift probes) of the contrast agents. The challenges encountered going from Zn2+ to Cu2+ detection will be stressed and discussed herein, mainly involving the selectivity of the probes for the cation to detect and their responsivity at physiologically relevant concentrations. Depending on the response mechanism, the use of fast-field cycling MRI seems promising to increase the detection field while keeping a good response. In vivo applications of cation responsive MRI probes are only in their infancy and the recent developments will be described, along with the associated quantification problems. In the case of relaxation agents, the presence of another method of local quantification, e.g., synchrotron X-Ray fluorescence, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) techniques, or 19F MRI is required, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Contribution of neuroimaging to the differential diagnosis of dementias and other late life psychiatric disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Förstl ◽  
F. Hentschel
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cranial Computed Tomography ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Relevant Work ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

IntroductionThis is a review of recent and clinically relevant work on neuroimaging and its contribution to the diagnosis of neurodegenerative or other neurological and psychiatric diseases in older patients. Earlier research has been summarized in our previous review. We include publications on cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalo-graphy (EEG), and on other methods.

scholarly journals Cell-Based Tracers as Trojan Horses for Image-Guided Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Vincent Q. Sier ◽  
Margreet R. de Vries ◽  
Joost R. van der Vorst ◽  
Alexander L. Vahrmeijer ◽  
Cornelis van Kooten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Image Guided Surgery ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Guided Surgery ◽  
Image Guided ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Passive Tracers ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Surgeons rely almost completely on their own vision and palpation to recognize affected tissues during surgery. Consequently, they are often unable to distinguish between different cells and tissue types. This makes accurate and complete resection cumbersome. Targeted image-guided surgery (IGS) provides a solution by enabling real-time tissue recognition. Most current targeting agents (tracers) consist of antibodies or peptides equipped with a radiolabel for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) labels, or a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye. These tracers are preoperatively administered to patients, home in on targeted cells or tissues, and are visualized in the operating room via dedicated imaging systems. Instead of using these ‘passive’ tracers, there are other, more ‘active’ approaches of probe delivery conceivable by using living cells (macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, mesenchymal stromal cells), cell(-derived) fragments (platelets, extracellular vesicles (exosomes)), and microorganisms (bacteria, viruses) or, alternatively, ‘humanized’ nanoparticles. Compared with current tracers, these active contrast agents might be more efficient for the specific targeting of tumors or other pathological tissues (e.g., atherosclerotic plaques). This review provides an overview of the arsenal of possibilities applicable for the concept of cell-based tracers for IGS.

Neuroimaging Promises and Caveats

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison C. Nugent ◽  
Maura L. Furey
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Neuroscience research has clearly demonstrated neurological correlates of psychological disorders. We believe that neuroscience, particularly neuroimaging, has great potential to increase our understanding of these disorders, leading to more effective treatments, prevention, and perhaps even cure. Nevertheless, the popular media is replete with misinformation and exaggerated claims. The present chapter is intended to give the reader the necessary knowledge to critically evaluate neuroimaging studies of psychological disorders. We provide an overview of all the major neuroimaging techniques, example studies relevant to psychological disorders (with a particular emphasis on depression), particular pitfalls and caveats associated with each technique, and the promise of each technique. We first cover the nuclear imaging techniques, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). We then explore several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, both structural and functional. Finally, we give an overview of the electrophysiological techniques, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Each of these techniques has particular strengths, and particular weaknesses. At this point, none of these tools are diagnostic, but each one provides a unique window into psychological disorders. When applied in a methodologically rigorous and statistically rigorous manner, neuroimaging has great promise for achieving greater understanding of psychological disorders, and relieving the great burdens they cause.

scholarly journals Imaging lung perfusion

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan R. Hopkins ◽  
Mark O. Wielpütz ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Capillary Perfusion ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

From the first measurements of the distribution of pulmonary blood flow using radioactive tracers by West and colleagues ( J Clin Invest 40: 1–12, 1961) allowing gravitational differences in pulmonary blood flow to be described, the imaging of pulmonary blood flow has made considerable progress. The researcher employing modern imaging techniques now has the choice of several techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These techniques differ in several important ways: the resolution of the measurement, the type of contrast or tag used to image flow, and the amount of ionizing radiation associated with each measurement. In addition, the techniques vary in what is actually measured, whether it is capillary perfusion such as with PET and SPECT, or larger vessel information in addition to capillary perfusion such as with MRI and CT. Combined, these issues affect quantification and interpretation of data as well as the type of experiments possible using different techniques. The goal of this review is to give an overview of the techniques most commonly in use for physiological experiments along with the issues unique to each technique.

Viability Studies—Comparison of Techniques

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Kireyev ◽  
Keenan Adib ◽  
Kian Keong Poh ◽  
Mofid Khalil ◽  
Michael F Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Dobutamine Stress ◽  
Hibernating Myocardium ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Comparison Of Techniques ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Ischemic cardiomyopathy is one of the most common causes of congestive heart failure. Despite multiple therapeutic options, morbidity and mortality remain high. Revascularization is one of the best options to improve ejection fraction and survival in patients with hibernating myocardium. This article discusses the role of positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based viability studies and their comparative evaluation.

scholarly journals New SPECT and PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging Cardiovascular Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyebola O. Sogbein ◽  
Matthieu Pelletier-Galarneau ◽  
Thomas H. Schindler ◽  
Lihui Wei ◽  
R. Glenn Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Spect Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Nuclear cardiology has experienced exponential growth within the past four decades with converging capacity to diagnose and influence management of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with technetium-99m radiotracers or thallium-201 has dominated the field; however new hardware and software designs that optimize image quality with reduced radiation exposure are fuelling a resurgence of interest at the preclinical and clinical levels to expand beyond MPI. Other imaging modalities including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continue to emerge as powerful players with an expanded capacity to diagnose a variety of cardiac conditions. At the forefront of this resurgence is the development of novel target vectors based on an enhanced understanding of the underlying pathophysiological process in the subcellular domain. Molecular imaging with novel radiopharmaceuticals engineered to target a specific subcellular process has the capacity to improve diagnostic accuracy and deliver enhanced prognostic information to alter management. This paper, while not comprehensive, will review the recent advancements in radiotracer development for SPECT and PET MPI, autonomic dysfunction, apoptosis, atherosclerotic plaques, metabolism, and viability. The relevant radiochemistry and preclinical and clinical development in addition to molecular imaging with emerging modalities such as cardiac MRI and PET-MR will be discussed.

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