scholarly journals New SPECT and PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging Cardiovascular Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyebola O. Sogbein ◽  
Matthieu Pelletier-Galarneau ◽  
Thomas H. Schindler ◽  
Lihui Wei ◽  
R. Glenn Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Spect Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Nuclear cardiology has experienced exponential growth within the past four decades with converging capacity to diagnose and influence management of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with technetium-99m radiotracers or thallium-201 has dominated the field; however new hardware and software designs that optimize image quality with reduced radiation exposure are fuelling a resurgence of interest at the preclinical and clinical levels to expand beyond MPI. Other imaging modalities including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continue to emerge as powerful players with an expanded capacity to diagnose a variety of cardiac conditions. At the forefront of this resurgence is the development of novel target vectors based on an enhanced understanding of the underlying pathophysiological process in the subcellular domain. Molecular imaging with novel radiopharmaceuticals engineered to target a specific subcellular process has the capacity to improve diagnostic accuracy and deliver enhanced prognostic information to alter management. This paper, while not comprehensive, will review the recent advancements in radiotracer development for SPECT and PET MPI, autonomic dysfunction, apoptosis, atherosclerotic plaques, metabolism, and viability. The relevant radiochemistry and preclinical and clinical development in addition to molecular imaging with emerging modalities such as cardiac MRI and PET-MR will be discussed.

Neuroimaging in dementia and depression

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
John O'Brien ◽  
Bob Barber
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Neuroimaging is traditionally divided into structural and functional imaging. Structural imaging looks at brain structure or anatomy and includes computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional techniques seek to examine the physiological functioning of the brain, either at rest or during activation, and include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), MRI spectroscopy, functional MRI (fMRI) and encephalographic brain mapping. Although fMRI, MRI spectroscopy and brain mapping are likely to have clinical applications in the near future, the main imaging modalities of current clinical relevance to psychiatrists are CT, MRI and SPECT, which will be the focus of this article.

scholarly journals Neurobiology of Chronic Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Molecular Imaging Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 247054701771091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret T. Davis ◽  
Sophie E. Holmes ◽  
Robert H. Pietrzak ◽  
Irina Esterlis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Chronic stress accounts for billions of dollars of economic loss annually in the United States alone, and is recognized as a major source of disability and mortality worldwide. Robust evidence suggests that chronic stress plays a significant role in the onset of severe and impairing psychiatric conditions, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Application of molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography in recent years has begun to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which chronic stress confers risk for these disorders. The present paper provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of all positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography imaging publications focused on the examination of molecular targets in individuals with major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or bipolar disorder to date. Critical discussion of discrepant findings and broad strengths and weaknesses of the current body of literature is provided. Recommended future directions for the field of molecular imaging to further elucidate the neurobiological substrates of chronic stress-related disorders are also discussed. This article is part of the inaugural issue for the journal focused on various aspects of chronic stress.

scholarly journals Metals in Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9190
Author(s):  
Olga Krasnovskaya ◽  
Daniil Spector ◽  
Alexander Zlobin ◽  
Kirill Pavlov ◽  
Peter Gorelkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma, which occurs 7–15 years before the onset of cognitive symptoms of the pathology. Timely diagnostics of amyloid formations allows identifying AD at an early stage and initiating inhibitor therapy, delaying the progression of the disease. However, clinically used radiopharmaceuticals based on 11C and 18F are synchrotron-dependent and short-lived. The design of new metal-containing radiopharmaceuticals for AD visualization is of interest. The development of coordination compounds capable of effectively crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) requires careful selection of a ligand moiety, a metal chelating scaffold, and a metal cation, defining the method of supposed Aβ visualization. In this review, we have summarized metal-containing drugs for positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of Alzheimer’s disease. The obtained data allow assessing the structure-ability to cross the BBB ratio.

Contribution of neuroimaging to the differential diagnosis of dementias and other late life psychiatric disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Förstl ◽  
F. Hentschel
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Cranial Computed Tomography ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Relevant Work ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

IntroductionThis is a review of recent and clinically relevant work on neuroimaging and its contribution to the diagnosis of neurodegenerative or other neurological and psychiatric diseases in older patients. Earlier research has been summarized in our previous review. We include publications on cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalo-graphy (EEG), and on other methods.

scholarly journals Imaging lung perfusion

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan R. Hopkins ◽  
Mark O. Wielpütz ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Capillary Perfusion ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

From the first measurements of the distribution of pulmonary blood flow using radioactive tracers by West and colleagues ( J Clin Invest 40: 1–12, 1961) allowing gravitational differences in pulmonary blood flow to be described, the imaging of pulmonary blood flow has made considerable progress. The researcher employing modern imaging techniques now has the choice of several techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These techniques differ in several important ways: the resolution of the measurement, the type of contrast or tag used to image flow, and the amount of ionizing radiation associated with each measurement. In addition, the techniques vary in what is actually measured, whether it is capillary perfusion such as with PET and SPECT, or larger vessel information in addition to capillary perfusion such as with MRI and CT. Combined, these issues affect quantification and interpretation of data as well as the type of experiments possible using different techniques. The goal of this review is to give an overview of the techniques most commonly in use for physiological experiments along with the issues unique to each technique.

scholarly journals Κατασκευή εξειδικευμένων συστημάτων Γ- κάμερας απεικόνισης πειραματόζωων και μικρών οργάνων

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Μαρία Γεωργίου
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Η μοριακή απεικόνιση ορίζεται ως η in-vivo μη επεμβατική απεικόνιση, αξιολόγηση και ποσοτικοποίηση των φυσιολογικών και παθολογικών διεργασιών ενός ζωντανού οργανισμού σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Οι ιχνηθέτες που έχουν αναπτυχθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια για την μοριακή απεικόνιση είναι κατάλληλα σχεδιασμένοι ώστε να στοχεύουν σε συγκεκριμένα μόρια που εκφράζουν τις διεργασίες του οργανισμού σε λειτουργικό και μεταβολικό επίπεδο. Τα δεδομένα που παράγονται από τις μελέτες μοριακής απεικόνισης βοηθούν στην κατανόηση βιολογικών φαινομένων, στην αναγνώριση παθολογικών περιοχών και στην ανάδειξη των παθοφυσιολογικών μηχανισμών των νόσων. Επομένως, η μοριακή απεικόνιση συνεισφέρει σημαντικά όχι μόνο στην πρόγνωση αλλά και στη διάγνωση, στην παρακολούθηση των θεραπευτικών σχημάτων και στην ανακάλυψη νέων φαρμάκων. Σήμερα, υπάρχουν πέντε κύριες μέθοδοι μοριακής απεικόνισης: α) η απεικόνιση μαγνητικού συντονισμού (Magnetic Resonance Imaging –MRI), β) η απεικόνιση αξονικής τομογραφίας (Computed Tomography – CT), γ) η υπερηχοτομογραφία (Ultrasound – US), δ) η οπτική απεικόνιση (Optical Imaging) και ε) οι ραδιοϊσοτοπικές απεικονιστικές μέθοδοι υπολογιστικής τομογραφίας μονοφωτονιακής εκπομπής (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography - SPECT) και τομογραφίας εκπομπής ποζιτρονίων (Positron Emission Tomography - ΡΕΤ). Αναλόγως της βιοχημικής φυσιολογικής ή παθολογικής διεργασίας του οργανισμού που θέλουμε να απεικονίσουμε, επιλέγεται η κατάλληλη απεικονιστική μέθοδος με κατάλληλο ιχνηθέτη, αν και ο συνδυασμός περισσότερων μεθοδολογιών παρέχει συμπληρωματική πληροφορία. Σημαντική θέση στην μοριακή απεικόνιση κατέχουν οι ραδιοϊσοτοπικές μέθοδοι καθώς μαζί με τις οπτικές μεθόδους αποτελούν την αφετηρία αυτής. Τα εμπορικά διαθέσιμα κλινικά SPECT και ΡΕΤ συστήματα όπως και τα υβριδικά συστήματα SPECT/CT και ΡΕΤ/CT ή ΡΕΤ/MRI χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως στην ογκολογία για τη διάγνωση, σταδιοποίηση και παρακολούθηση της θεραπείας της νόσου, αλλά και για τη διάγνωση άλλων ασθενειών όπως νευρολογικές και καρδιολογικές παθήσεις. Με την εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας, τα απεικονιστικά συστήματα βελτιώνονται συνεχώς και η τάση που επικρατεί τη τελευταία δεκαετία είναι η ανάπτυξη εξειδικευμένων απεικονιστικών συστημάτων συγκεκριμένων οργάνων, πχ εγκέφαλος, μαστός, καρδιά, προστάτης, τα οποία προσφέρουν πολύ υψηλές επιδόσεις συγκριτικά με τα αντίστοιχα κλινικά που είναι σχεδιασμένα για ένα μεγάλο εύρος εφαρμογών. Τα νέα εξειδικευμένα συστήματα SPECT και ΡΕΤ βασίζονται στους φωτοπολλαπλασιαστές νέας γενιάς (φωτοπολλαπλασιαστές ευαισθησίας θέσης), οι οποίοι έχουν μικρές διαστάσεις, υψηλή χωρική διακριτική ικανότητα και έτσι επιτρέπουν την κατασκευή ανιχνευτών που να απεικονίζουν μόνο το υπο-εξέταση όργανο μειώνοντας την επίδραση της ακτινοβολίας των υπόλοιπων οργάνων. Με αυτό τον τρόπο είναι δυνατή η απεικόνιση δομών σε επίπεδο μερικών χιλιοστών (1-2 mm) σε αντίθεση με τα κλινικά συστήματα των οποίων η χωρική διακριτική ικανότητα είναι της τάξης των 5-8 mm. Εκτός από την κλινική πράξη, τα εξειδικευμένα SPECT και ΡΕΤ συστήματα βρίσκουν ιδιαίτερη εφαρμογή στην απεικόνιση πειραματόζωων, ένα πεδίο που συνήθως αποτελεί το βασικό χώρο καινοτομίας πριν την κλινική μεταφορά.Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή στοχεύει στη σχεδίαση, βελτιστοποίηση και κατασκευή εξειδικευμένων σπινθηρογραφικών συστημάτων για την απεικόνιση πειραματόζωων, τη σπινθηρομαστογραφία και την απεικόνιση του λεμφαδένα. Συγκεκριμένα, αρχικά μελετήθηκε ένα πρότυπο σύστημα σπινθηρομαστογραφίας και ακολούθως κατασκευάστηκαν δύο ολοκληρωμένα συστήματα, το πρώτο για την ολόσωμη απεικόνιση μυών και το δεύτερο για την απεικόνιση των λεμφαδένων με υψηλή ευαισθησία.

scholarly journals A Nordic survey of CT doses in hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT examinations

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Bebbington ◽  
Bryan T. Haddock ◽  
Henrik Bertilsson ◽  
Eero Hippeläinen ◽  
Ellen M. Husby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Single Photon Emission ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Clinical Purpose ◽  
Single Photon Emission Computed ◽  
Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) scans are routinely performed in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) examinations globally, yet few surveys have been conducted to gather national diagnostic reference level (NDRL) data for CT radiation doses in positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). In this first Nordic-wide study of CT doses in hybrid imaging, Nordic NDRL CT doses are suggested for PET/CT and SPECT/CT examinations specific to the clinical purpose of CT, and the scope for optimisation is evaluated. Data on hybrid imaging CT exposures and clinical purpose of CT were gathered for 5 PET/CT and 8 SPECT/CT examinations via designed booklet. For each included dataset for a given facility and scanner type, the computed tomography dose index by volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) was interpolated for a 75-kg person (referred to as CTDIvol,75kg and DLP75kg). Suggested NDRL (75th percentile) and achievable doses (50th percentile) were determined for CTDIvol,75kg and DLP75kg according to clinical purpose of CT. Differences in maximum and minimum doses (derived for a 75-kg patient) between facilities were also calculated for each examination and clinical purpose. Results Data were processed from 83 scanners from 43 facilities. Data were sufficient to suggest Nordic NDRL CT doses for the following: PET/CT oncology (localisation/characterisation, 15 systems); infection/inflammation (localisation/characterisation, 13 systems); brain (attenuation correction (AC) only, 11 systems); cardiac PET/CT and SPECT/CT (AC only, 30 systems); SPECT/CT lung (localisation/characterisation, 12 systems); bone (localisation/characterisation, 30 systems); and parathyroid (localisation/characterisation, 13 systems). Great variations in dose were seen for all aforementioned examinations. Greatest differences in DLP75kg for each examination, specific to clinical purpose, were as follows: SPECT/CT lung AC only (27.4); PET/CT and SPECT/CT cardiac AC only (19.6); infection/inflammation AC only (18.1); PET/CT brain localisation/characterisation (16.8); SPECT/CT bone localisation/characterisation (10.0); PET/CT oncology AC only (9.0); and SPECT/CT parathyroid localisation/characterisation (7.8). Conclusions Suggested Nordic NDRL CT doses are presented according to clinical purpose of CT for PET/CT oncology, infection/inflammation, brain, PET/CT and SPECT/CT cardiac, and SPECT/CT lung, bone, and parathyroid. The large variation in doses suggests great scope for optimisation in all 8 examinations.

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