Exploring M & Y Gasket Factors and Their Degree of Correlation With Proposed PVRC Gasket Factors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale A. Rice ◽  
A. Fitzgerald Waterland ◽  
Anita R. Bausman
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Yield Factor ◽  
Flexible Graphite

The well-known gasket factors, m & y were introduced in 1943 as per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 for purposes of flange design. The test procedure for determining these factors, ASTM Standard F586, was published in 1979 but then ultimately withdrawn in 1998 with the assumption that these test standards would be replaced by a new test method and with it the generation of improved gasket constants. The original m & y constants had several shortcomings including the fact that many of the listed values assumed asbestos fiber gaskets while new gasket materials such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) and FG (flexible graphite) were not addressed. Additionally, gasket manufacturers were allowed to publish m and y values for their own specific gasket materials and styles using their own test methods, thus dispensing with industry-wide standardization. ASTM Method F3149-15, “Standard Practice for Determining the Maintenance Factor (m) and Yield Factor (y) Loading Constants Applicable to Gasket Materials and Designs” represents an improvement over F586 but is not linked to standardized tightness levels. The proposed PVRC method with a new set of gasket constants is based on a load versus leakage test standard known as ROTT (Room Temperature Tightness Test). Following the ROTT method, ASTM WK39360, “New Test Method for Leak Rates Versus Y Stresses and M Factors for Gaskets derived from the Room Temperature Test Practice”, is being contemplated. This paper provides a review of the past inconsistencies of m & y values as published as well as an initial assessment of the degree of correlation between m & y values and tightness calculations achieved through the use of a previously documented fugitive emissions calculator for gasket materials which makes use of published ROTT data, and the operating pressure, flange NPS, gasket stress, and other inputs.

Use of Integrated Day-Long Stagnation Temperature for Measuring Changes in Solar Collector Materials Properties

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
W. C. Thomas ◽  
A. G. Dawson ◽  
D. Waksman
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Stagnation Temperature ◽  
Nonsteady State ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Energy Absorbing

Measurements of the maximum temperatures reached by solar-energy-absorbing surfaces provide a useful method for detecting possible degradation in the optical and heat transfer properties of materials used in collectors. This investigation shows that a method based on integrating the absorber temperature rise over ambient and solar irradiation on a daily basis has advantages over alternative test methods based on steady-state measurements of either absorber stagnation temperature or collector thermal efficiency. A nonsteady-state analytical model is developed and used to evaluate the sensitivity of the proposed test method to material degradation and environmental effects. Outdoor data are presented to validate the analytical model and depict typical results that can be expected using the test procedure.

scholarly journals What are the Alternatives of PG Plus Tests for Modified Asphalt Binders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
MM Tariq Morshed ◽  
Mohammad Nazmul Hassan ◽  
Zahid Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Recovery ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Performance Grade ◽  
Empirical Performance ◽  
Alternative Test ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Departments Of Transportation

For characterizing the polymer modified binders, different state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) use different time consuming and empirical Performance Grade (PG) Plus test methods. Furthermore, the PG Plus tests are silent when asphalt binders are modified with chemicals such as polyphosphoric acid (PPA). But, the effects of the polymer are not accurately identified through these conventional tests such as Elastic Recovery (ER) and tenacity. The main goal of this study is to recommend alternative test method(s), which can possibly be pursued by using, a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Thus, Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR), ER-DSR, Frequency Sweep, and Binder Yield Energy Test (BYET) are being explored to find their effectiveness. Three PG binders (PG 64-22, PG 70-22 and PG 76-22) have been selected for this investigation. These binders have been prepared with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer, PPA, or a combination of both. Further, chemical tests such as SARA (Saturate, Aromatic, Resin, and Asphaltene) analysis and FTIR (Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy) are also being explored to fulfill the objectives. Preliminary findings suggest that the PG Plus tests deem to be obsolete. Also, a single test procedure is not sufficient to identify the presence and effectiveness of modifiers in the PG binders.

The modern methods of pin-type bearing test of metallic materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Yaroslava V. Sulimina ◽  
Nikolay O. Yakovlev ◽  
Vladimir S. Erasov ◽  
Aleksey Yu. Ampilogov ◽  
Andrey N. Polyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Strength Characteristics ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Bearing Strength ◽  
Bearing Stress ◽  
The Impact

The special features of various bearing deformation measurements for pin-type bearing tests of metallic materials are considered along with their impact on the magnitude of the «bearing elastic modulus» and bearing stress. These bearing test methods are present in ASTM and various institutional standards, though no state standard (GOST, GOST R) is currently available for bearing test method of metallic materials. Analysis of additional deformations which arise in determining the degree of hole bearing deformation is carried out. A set of sources of additional deformations is shown to be characteristic for each test procedure and is attributed to the design features of the device, the site and a way of mounting the extensometer. Additional deformations can be both tensile and compressive. It is shown that the impact of additional deformations on the «bearing elastic modulus» is limited to 14% for different procedures. No difference between the methods is revealed with regard to determination of the strength characteristics. At the same time the dispersion decreases with increase in plastic deformation and for bearing deformation about 4% the variation coefficient for all methods is no more than 1%. Advantages and shortcomings of the bearing test methods which affect the reproducibility of the results are considered. The effect of the specimen geometry on the bearing characteristics is considered. It is shown that increase both in the distance from the edge of the bearing specimen to the center of the hole for 1163T, VT6ch, 30KhGSA alloys and residual bearing deformation up to 6%, increase bearing strength characteristics.

Hot Pin Pull Method – New Test Procedure for the Adhesion Measurement for 3D-MID

2014 ◽  
Vol 1038 ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Goth ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Gerald Gion ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Adhesion Measurement ◽  
Molded Interconnect Devices ◽  
Unsolved Issue

The adhesion test of metallic structures on MID (Molded Interconnect Devices) parts is an unsolved issue. So far no method really works reliably. The test methods which are conventionally used are the pull-off test and the shear-test. Both show large standard deviation and the reproducibility is not assured. Nordson DAGE has introduced the new micro-material testing system 4000Plus. This device enables a new test method for the determination of the adhesion strength of MID structures using the hot pin pull (hot bump pull) method. Copper pins (tinned or untinned) are heated up with a user defined temperature profile, soldered to a metallized structure on the MID and then removed vertically upward, while the force is recorded. In this contribution investigations with this new test method are presented.

Methods of calculation and testing of gas equipment. Lecture № 6. Part 6. Twst methods for equipment for LNG operation

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Cryogenic Equipment ◽  
Component Testing ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Gas Cylinder

The results of work on the organization of a system for checking the tightness and strength of connections of components of gas-cylinder cars when using liquefied natural gas are summarized. A system for checking the tightness and conducting pressure testing of gas equipment in the conditions of the operating regulations is presented. The features of the technological process of inspection of cryogenic cylinders are summarized. Features of the test method for gas equipment components are described. The system of re-equipment of the HBA when working on LNG is considered. Test methods for LNG certification are summarized. Methods for monitoring and testing the production of LNG components are presented. Keywords liquefied natural gas; cryogenic equipment; test and operating pressure; component testing; inspection; cold and thermal crimping; cylinder insulation; LNG parameters; heat exchanger-evaporator testing

Methodological Issues in Testing Comprehension of Safety Symbols

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (19) ◽  
pp. 1744-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary F. Lesch ◽  
Jamie R. McDevitt
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Multiple Trials

Safety symbols must be tested prior to use to ensure that they are adequately understood, as failures to communicate can result in injury or death. However, factors other than symbol quality influence assessed comprehension level: These include test method, scoring method, as well as availability of context. Open-ended and multiple-choice test methods are compared and contrasted on a number of dimensions including ease of construction, administration, and scoring. While use of an open-ended test procedure is generally recommended, it is proposed that a modified multiple-choice test, in which alternatives are assessed across multiple trials, is an attractive alternative.

Test Method of Suspension Kinematics and Compliance

2013 ◽  
Vol 278-280 ◽  
pp. 14-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhan ◽  
Jiang Li Lu ◽  
Xin Guan
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Force ◽  
Longitudinal Force ◽  
Steering System ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Vehicle Suspension ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Test Specifications ◽  
Jump Test

For the wide use of the suspension K&C test rig, this paper presents the basic requirements of the vehicle suspension K&C test and provides a reference for unifying the test methods and the test standards. Then, it also gives the specific test specifications and requirements of the vertical wheel jump test, the roll test, the longitudinal force test, and the lateral force test. Finally, the main indicators of the suspension, the steering system and the tire can be obtained.

A Review of Fracture Toughness Testing and Evaluation Using SENT Specimens

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Kui Zhu ◽  
Tom McGaughy
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Fracture Toughness Test ◽  
Crack Tip Opening Displacement ◽  
Opening Displacement ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Resistance Curves ◽  
Crack Tip Constraint

Fracture toughness is an important material property in describing material resistance against fracture with a point value or in the format of a resistance curve. For ductile materials, the commonly used fracture parameters are the J-integral and the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD, or δ). ASTM E1820 provides standard procedures for determining the JIc, δIc, J-R curve and δ-R curve using bending specimens with deep cracks. This usually leads to high crack-tip constraint conditions and conservative fracture resistance curves. Actual cracks found in pipelines and welds are often shallow and dominated by tensile forces, resulting in low constraint conditions and elevated resistance curves. Thus the standard resistance curves can be overly conservative for a shallow crack. To obtain realistic fracture toughness values to meet the practical needs for pipelines, different test methods have been developed using a single edge-notched tension (SENT) specimen. This includes the multiple specimen method, the single specimen method, the J-R curve test procedure, and the δ-R curve test procedure. This paper presents a critical technical review of existing fracture toughness test methods and procedures using SENT specimens, with discussions on the toughness estimation equation, key parameter calibration, rotation correction, and test procedure limitation. Historical efforts related to the SENT testing and applications of ASTM fracture test standards to the SENT specimens are also reviewed briefly.

TEST METHOD FOR A COMPOSITE REINFORCING ROD ON THE BASE OF BASALT COMPLEX THREAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
L.U. STUPISHIN ◽  
◽  
A.V. MASALOV ◽  
E.V. SAVELEVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Testing Equipment ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
General Lack ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Twisted Yarn

The paper considers issues of construction of test methods and testing of basalt rods proposed by the authors. A basalt rod is a bundle of twisted basalt roving threads packed in an epoxy laminate. Due to the lack of analogues, a methodology for testing reinforcing rods using existing testing machines is being developed. The analysis of Russian and foreign normative documents, which could form the basis of the test methodology, was carried out. A general lack of testing equipment is noted, leading to the destruction of the basalt twisted yarn in the grippers prior to testing. A test procedure is proposed and the results of experiments are presented, which make it possible to assess the bearing capacity of a reinforced specimen. Conclusions and recommendations for testing structures reinforced with basalt rods - laminates are presented.

An evaluation of ECT sample height for small flute board grades and Box Manufacturer’s Certification compliance

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
CORY JAY WILSON ◽  
BENJAMIN FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Sample Height ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Corrugated Fiberboard

TAPPI test T811 is the specified method to ascertain ECT relative to box manufacturer’s certification compliance of corrugated fiberboard under Rule 41/ Alternate Item 222. T811 test sample heights were derived from typical board constructions at the time of the test method’s initial development. New, smaller flute sizes have since been developed, and the use of lighter weight boards has become more common. The T811 test method includes sample specifications for typical A-flute, B-flute, and C-flute singlewall (and doublewall and triplewall) structures, but not for newer thinner E-flute or F-flute structures. This research explores the relationship of ECT sample height to measured compressive load, in an effort to determine valid E-flute and F-flute ECT sample heights for use with the T811 method. Through this process, it identifies challenges present in our use of current ECT test methods as a measure of intrinsic compressive strength for smaller flute structures. The data does not support the use of TAPPI T 811 for ECT measurement for E and F flute structures, and demonstrates inconsistencies with current height specifi-cations for some lightweight B flute.

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