Measurements of Hydrogen Enriched Combustion of Jet Fuel in Open Flame

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Seibert ◽  
Sen Nieh
Keyword(s):  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Thermo Electric ◽  
Open Flame ◽  
Hydrogen Enrichment ◽  
Photovoltaic Generators

Jet fuel is a common logistics fuel, even for small, mobile systems. At low power output (<2 kWe), technologies such as Stirling engines, thermo electric and thermo-photovoltaic generators have the potential to compete with diesel engines, but require reliable jet fuel combustion. Hydrogen enrichment is presented as a control parameter to improve jet fuel combustion. Research in fuel reforming gives an opportunity for hydrogen production at the point of use. Hydrogen enriched combustion of jet fuel seeks to take advantage of the energy density of jet fuel and the combustibility of hydrogen. Experiments were conducted with atomized jet fuel in a 5 kWth open flame. Jet fuel is sprayed through an air atomizing nozzle. Hydrogen was added to either the atomizing air or to a concentric tube supplying the main combustion air. During hydrogen enrichment, jet fuel flow rate was reduced to maintain constant fuel energy input. Temperature is measured vertically and laterally through the flame. Gaseous emissions are measured above the visible flame. In these experiments, hydrogen represented up to 26% of the fuel energy contribution. Substantial changes to the combustion profile occur with small amounts of hydrogen enrichment. The advantages it provides represent opportunities for reduced size, improved operational reliability and control and reduced pollutant emissions.

Measurements of Hydrogen-Enriched Combustion of JP-8 in Open Flame

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Seibert ◽  
Sen Nieh
Keyword(s):  
Flame Structure ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Open Flame ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Hydrogen Enrichment ◽  
Secondary Air

Hydrogen enrichment is presented as a control parameter to improve JP-8 combustion. Research in fuel reforming gives an opportunity for hydrogen production at the point of use. Hydrogen-enriched combustion of JP-8 seeks to take advantage of the energy density of JP-8 and the combustibility of hydrogen. At low power output (<2 kWe), technologies such as Stirling engines, thermoelectric, and thermophotovoltaic generators have the potential to compete with diesel engines, but require reliable JP-8 combustion. Experiments were conducted with atomized JP-8 in a 5 kWth open flame, based on a 500 W power source. JP-8 is sprayed through an air-atomizing nozzle. Hydrogen was added to either the atomizing air or to a concentric tube supplying the main combustion air. In these experiments, hydrogen represented up to 26% of the fuel energy contribution (EC). During hydrogen enrichment, JP-8 flow rate was reduced to maintain constant fuel energy input. Temperature is measured vertically and laterally through the flame. Temperature profiles show that combustion shifts toward the nozzle as hydrogen is added. Hydrogen in the secondary air maintains diffusion flame behavior, but earlier in the flame. Hydrogen in the nozzle air creates a premixed pilot flame structure in the center of the flame. This premixed hydrogen and air flame provides initial energy to speed droplet heating and vaporization, producing higher peak temperatures than the other cases studied. Gaseous emissions are measured above the visible flame. Hydrogen enrichment by both methods reduced unburned hydrocarbon emissions by up to 70%. The advantages provided by hydrogen enrichment represent opportunities for reduced size, improved operational reliability and control, and reduced pollutant emissions.

scholarly journals Improving the Energy Efficiency of Stoves To Reduce Pollutant Emissions from Household Solid Fuel Combustion in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Li ◽  
Jingkun Jiang ◽  
Juan Qi ◽  
Jianguo Deng ◽  
Deshan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Solid Fuel Combustion

scholarly journals Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Carmo-Calado ◽  
Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez ◽  
Roberta Mota-Panizio ◽  
Bruno Guilherme-Garcia ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Combustion Tests

The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water temperature at the boiler outlet and the water flow were controlled (60 °C and 11 L/min). Different mixtures of residues (0–60% tires/plastics) were tested and compared in terms of power and gaseous emissions. Results indicate that energy production increased with the increase of tire residue in the mixture, reaching a maximum of 157 kW for 40% of miscanthus and 60% of tires. However, the automatic feeding difficulties of the boiler also increased, requiring constant operator intervention. As for plastic and rubber waste, fuel consumption generally decreased with increasing percentages of these materials in the blend, with temperatures ranging from 383 °C to 411 °C. Power also decreased by including such wastes (66–100 kW) due to feeding difficulties and cinder-fusing problems related to ash melting. From the study, it can be concluded that co-combustion is a suitable technology for the recovery of waste tires, but operational problems arise with high levels of residues in the mixture. Increasing pollutant emissions and the need for pre-treatments are other limiting factors. In this sense, the thermal gasification process was tested with the same residues and the same percentages of mixtures used in the co-combustion tests. The gasification tests were performed in a downdraft reactor at temperatures above 800 °C. Each test started with 100% acacia chip for reference (like the previous miscanthus), and then with mixtures of 0–60% of tires and blends of plastics and rubbers. Results obtained for the two residues demonstrated the viability of the technology, however, with mixtures higher than 40% it was very difficult to develop a process under stable conditions. The optimum condition for producing a synthesis gas with a substantial heating value occurred with mixtures of 20% of polymeric wastes, which resulted in gases with a calorific value of 3.64 MJ/Nm3 for tires and 3.09 MJ/Nm3 for plastics and rubbers.

Emissions Characteristics of a Legacy Military Aircraft

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Corporan ◽  
Matthew J. DeWitt ◽  
Christopher D. Klingshirn ◽  
Shannon M. Mahurin ◽  
Meng-Dawn Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
Analytical Instruments

Emissions from aircraft and associated ground equipment are major sources of local pollution at airports and military bases. These pollutant emissions, especially particulate matter (PM), have been receiving significant attention lately due to their proven harmful health and environmental effects. As the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tightens environmental standards, it is likely that military operations, including the basing of advanced and legacy aircraft, will be impacted. Accurate determination of emission indices from aircraft is necessary to properly assess their environmental burden. As such, the gaseous and PM emissions of a B-52 Stratofortress aircraft were characterized in this effort. This emissions study supports the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) project WP-1401 to determine emissions factors from military aircraft. The main purpose of the project is to develop a comprehensive emissions measurement program using both conventional and advanced techniques to determine emissions factors for pollutants of fixed and rotating wing military aircraft. Standard practices for the measurement of gaseous emissions from aircraft have been well established; however, there is no certified methodology for the measurement of aircraft PM emissions. In this study, several conventional aerosol instruments were employed to physically characterize the PM emissions from two of the aircraft’s TF33 turbofan engines. Exit plane pollutant emissions were extracted via probes and transported through heated lines to the analytical instruments. Particle concentrations, size distributions and mass emissions, as well as engine smoke numbers (SN), soot volatile fraction and total hydrocarbon emissions were measured. The engines were tested at four power settings, from idle to 75% normal rated thrust (NRT) (95% N2 – turbine speed). Test results show relatively consistent PM and gaseous emissions between the two engines for most conditions tested. The measured TF33 PM mass emission indices (EI), including estimated sampling line losses, were in the range of 1.0–3.0 g/kg-fuel and the particle number (PN) EI were between 4.0–10.0E+15 particles/kg-fuel. The particle size data followed a single mode lognormal distribution for all power settings with particle geometric mean diameters ranging from 52 to 85 nm. In general, the aerosol instrumentation provided consistent and reliable measurements throughout the test campaign, therefore increasing confidence on their use for turbine engine PM emissions measurements.

Boiler Emission Control With Fuel Oil Emulsion (FOE) Technology

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Houlihan
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Dual Emission ◽  
Emission Reductions

In the early twenty-first century, emphasis on fossil fuel emission reductions was focused on gaseous emissions. NOx emissions were recognized as precursors of smog and as such adversely affected the quality of life. Lately, emphasis on emission reductions has shifted to solid emissions. Particulates are recognized as health hazards that contribute to respiratory ailments. Fossil fuel combustion — so fundamental to the nation’s economy — unfortunately produces both emissions. Thus, the development of after-treatment technologies to treat fossil fuel combustion was pursued. Imposition of after-treatment technology proved costly from both application and maintenance aspects. In some instances, introduction of after-treatment technology caused a decrease in fuel efficiency. In view of the foregoing, it is important to note that there is a technology that REDUCES gaseous AND solid emissions of liquid fossil fuels. Furthermore, this technology can INCREASE fuel efficiency. The technology that can deliver this “triple-crown” of dual emission reduction and enhanced fuel efficiency is EMULSIFIED FUEL TECHNOLOGY (EFT). In this paper, we consider the constitution, production and characteristics of Emulsified Fuels. Then we consider their combustion and the environmental benefits that can accrue to their utilization. Finally, we consider past applications of EFT and the future markets for this intriguing technology.

scholarly journals Investigation of the impact of injection timing and pressure on emissions characteristics and smoke/soot emissions in diesel engine fuelling with soybean fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Fayad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Injection Strategy ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Soybean Biodiesel ◽  
Soot Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Engine injection strategy and renewable fuel both can improve nitrogen oxides (NOX) and smoke/soot emissions in a common-rail compression ignition (CI) diesel engine. The effects of different postinjection (PI) timings (15, 30, and 45) after top dead center (aTDC) and injection pressures (550 and 650 bar) on pollutant emissions and smoke/soot emissions were investigated for combustion of a renewable fuel (soybean biodiesel). The results showed that the levels of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HCs), and NOX are reduced from the combustion of soybean biodiesel compared to the diesel fuel combustion for different injection strategy. Besides, NOX emission is clearly reduced with retarded PI timing, especially at 45°. It is found that the increasing injection pressure reduced gaseous emissions for both fuels. The combination between biodiesel fuel and injection strategy can provide meaningful improvements in pollutant emissions, as well as enhance the exhaust temperature compared to the diesel fuel. With biodiesel fueling, smoke/soot emissions were reduced from biodiesel combustion (by 19.7%) under different fuel injection timings and pressures rather than from the diesel fuel combustion (by 12.2%).

scholarly journals Household Air Pollution From Solid Cooking Fuel Combustion and Female Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanxin Liu ◽  
Ru Chen ◽  
Rongshou Zheng ◽  
Liming Li ◽  
Shengfeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Cooking Fuel

Background: Women bear a large share of disease burden caused by household air pollution due to their great involvement in domestic activities. Pollutant emissions are believed to vary by exposure patterns such as cooking and space heating. Little is known about the independent effect of solid cooking fuel combustion on breast cancer risk. We aimed to examine the association of indoor coal and wood combustion for cooking with breast cancer risk.Methods: During June 2004–July 2008, participants aged 30–79 from 10 diverse regions across China were enrolled in the China Kadoorie Biobank. Primary cooking fuel use information in up to three residences was self-reported at baseline. Multivariable logistic regression models yielded adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: A total of 290,396 female participants aged 30–79 were included in the main analysis. Compared with long-term clean fuel users, the fully adjusted ORs were 2.07 (95%CI: 1.37–3.13) for long-term coal users, 1.12 (95% CI: 0.72–1.76) for long-term wood users, and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.55–1.74) for those who used mixed solid fuels to cook. Those who had switched from solid to clean fuels did not have an excess risk of breast cancer (OR: 0.88, 95%CI 0.71–1.10).Conclusion: Long-term solid fuel combustion for cooking may increase the risk of breast cancer. The strength of association is stronger among coal users than wood users. Targeted interventions are needed to accelerate the access to clean and affordable energy.

Introducing Environmental Technologies in Industrial Fuel Combustion Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Marcel Ruscă ◽  
Tudor Andrei Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Pollution Transport ◽  
Healthy Environment

Abstract Atmosphere pollution is a complex and worldwide process carried out for a long period of time. Greenhouse effect, global warming and acid rain are only some examples generated by atmospheric pollution. Experts discovered a strong motivation on finding solutions for reducing pollutant emissions caused by atmospheric pollution. Transport activities and fossil fuels combustion are the main concern on environmental pollution, more than that, they are used in industrial processes, being the main cause of environmental pollution. We have to understand that global pollution is causing the main effect on economic and social challenges of each country, a fact that will be hard to change in the future, and every small step will help for a better and healthy environment. Sebes and Zlanta city, from Alba regions, were the areas that draw our attention for studying the level of atmospheric pollution for a period of 5 years. We made periodic determinations on emission level for SO2, CO, CO2, NOx and writing down periodic reports. The measurements were made in industrial areas for Zlatna and Sebes city and in urban areas in Alba-Iulia city. Traffic environment was the main issue discovered after this research. The concerning was on industrial pollution for the cities of Sebes and Zlatna. The final part is offering solutions on reducing gaseous emissions in particular for economic operators and for the industries as well. This research is particularly aimed at emissions reduction like SO2, CO, CO2 and also for volatile organic compounds. Directive 2008/50/CE concerning ambient air quality were the main sources where we started on our research targeting on reducing atmospheric pollution.

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