Indirect Combustion Technology With Renewable Non-Edible Transesterified Oil Feedstock

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Soloiu ◽  
Jose Moncada ◽  
Tyler Naes ◽  
Martin Muiños ◽  
Spencer Harp
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Sulfur

This investigation focused on the combustion and performance of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine powered by a non-edible biodiesel blend, Brassica Carinata. This oilseed has become an attractive non-edible feedstock for biodiesel in the United States, given potential agronomical advantages. A small bore, single cylinder IDI engine was run at 2000 rpm and 5.5 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) using ultra-low sulfur diesel #2 (ULSD#2) and compared with C50, a 50% Carinata biodiesel-ULSD#2 blend (by mass). The apparent heat release for C50 reached a maximum of 22.04 J/deg which was 6.3 % lower and peaked 1.80 CAD before ULSD#2. The radiation and convection heat fluxes had similar maximum values of 0.62 MW/m2 and 1.34 MW/m2, respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of C50 was 211.05 g/kWh, which was 9% higher than for ULSD#2. The mechanical efficiency was maintained relatively constant at 55% while the indicated thermal efficiency of the engine reached 59%. Both fuels produced similar nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions with ULSD#2 and C50 producing 2.29 g/kWh and 2.23 g/kWh, respectively. The results indicate that the IDI engine can optimally work with concentrations up to 50% biodiesel.

Performance of a Supercharged Engine Fueled With a CTL Binary Mixture at Different Injection Pressures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Soloiu ◽  
Jose Moncada ◽  
Martin Muiños ◽  
Remi Gaubert ◽  
Johnnie Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
Injection Pressures

Performance of an experimental diesel engine was investigated when fueled with CTL20 (80% ULSD#2 (ultra-low sulfur diesel) blended with 20% Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquid (CTL) fuel. CTL fuel was selected given its potential as an alternative fuel that can supplement the ULSD supply. Combustion and emissions were studied in a common rail, supercharged, single cylinder DI engine with 15% exhaust gas recirculation operated at 1500 RPM and 4.5 bar IMEP in reference to a diesel baseline. The injection pressure was varied from 800–1200 bar while injection timing was tested from 15° to 22° CAD BTDC to optimize combustion. Similar in-cylinder pressures and temperatures were observed for both fuels at the same injection pressure and timing; the maximum heat release and in cylinder pressure and temperatures increased with higher rail pressure. CTL20 had a retarded premixed burn peak by 5 to 8 J/CAD compared to diesel at the same injection pressure and timing. This can be related to a delayed ignition of CTL20 which allowed for higher peak premixed combustion. In-cylinder convection and radiation heat fluxes were stable across injection pressures for both fuels around 1.7 MW/m2 and 0.4 MW/m2, respectively. NOx decreased with CTL20 at higher injection pressure while soot was relatively increased at lower injection pressure. CTL20 decreased BSFC by 3–5% compared to ULSD#2 at 800–1200 bar injection. The mechanical efficiency was maintained around 65% for ULSD#2 as well as for CTL20 during operation at all injection pressures. The study suggests that CTL fuel can be used at 20% as a binary mixture in ULSD#2 while sustaining performance in the experimental engine.

Cotton Seed FAME Combustion and Emissions Research in a DI Diesel Engine

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Soloiu ◽  
Jabeous Weaver ◽  
Henry Ochieng ◽  
Marvin Duggan ◽  
Sherwin Davoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
A Value ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Low Sulfur

This study investigates the combustion characteristics of cotton seed fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), with C100 (100% cotton seed biodiesel) and C20 (20% cotton seed biodiesel, 80% ultra-low sulfur diesel #2), in a direct injection diesel engine and compares the results with ultra-low sulfur diesel #2 (ULSD#2). The dynamic viscosity of C100 was found to meet the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The lower heating value obtained for C100 was 37.7 MJ/kg, compared to 42.7 MJ/kg for ULSD#2. ULSD#2 and C100 displayed ignition delays of 9.6 crank angle degrees (CAD) and 7 CAD representing 1.14 ms and 0.83 ms respectively and a combustion time of 4ms (35 CAD) at 1400 rpm and 8 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) (100% load). The apparent heat release of the tested fuels at 8 bar IMEP showed both a premixed and diffusion phase and produced maximum values of 122 and 209 J/CAD for C100 and ULSD#2 respectively, with a decreasing trend occurring with increase in percentage of FAME. The 50% mass burnt (CA50) for 100% biodiesel was found to be 3 CAD advanced, compared with ULSD#2. The maximum total heat flux rates showed a value of 3.2 MW/m2 for ULSD#2 at 8 bar IMEP with a 6% increase observed for C100. Mechanical efficiency of ULSD#2 was 83% and presented a 5.35% decrease for C100, while the overall efficiency was 36% for ULSD#2 and 33% for C100 at 8 bar IMEP. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) for C100 presented an 11% decrease compared with ULSD#2. Unburned hydrocarbons value (UHC) for ULSD#2 was 2.8 g/kWh at 8 bar IMEP, and improved by 18% for C100. The carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for C100 decreased by 6% when compared to ULSD#2 at 3 bar IMEP but were relatively constant at 8 bar IMEP, presenting a value of 0.82 g/kWh for both fuels. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for C100 increased by 1% compared with ULSD#2, at 3 bar IMEP. The soot value for ULSD#2 was 1.5 g/kWh and presented a 42% decrease for C100 at 8 bar IMEP. The results suggest a very good performance of cotton seed biodiesel, even at very high content of 100%, especially on the emissions side that showed decreasing values for regulated and non-regulated species.

RCCI of Synthetic Kerosene With PFI of N-Butanol-Combustion and Emissions Characteristics

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Soloiu ◽  
Martin Muiños ◽  
Tyler Naes ◽  
Spencer Harp ◽  
Marcis Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Soot Emissions ◽  
Low Sulfur

In this study, the combustion and emissions characteristics of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) obtained by direct injection (DI) of S8 and port fuel injection (PFI) of n-butanol were compared with RCCI of ultra-low sulfur diesel #2 (ULSD#2) and PFI of n-butanol at 6 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 1500 rpm. S8 is a synthetic paraffinic kerosene (C6–C18) developed by Syntroleum and is derived from natural gas. S8 is a Fischer-Tropsch fuel that contains a low aromatic percentage (0.5 vol. %) and has a cetane number of 63 versus 47 of ULSD#2. Baselines of DI conventional diesel combustion (CDC), with 100% ULSD#2 and also DI of S8 were conducted. For both RCCI cases, the mass ratio of DI to PFI was set at 1:1. The ignition delay for the ULSD#2 baseline was found to be 10.9 CAD (1.21 ms) and for S8 was shorter at 10.1 CAD (1.12 ms). In RCCI, the premixed charge combustion has been split into two regions of high temperature heat release, an early one BTDC from ignition of ULSD#2 or S8, and a second stage, ATDC from n-butanol combustion. RCCI with n-butanol increased the NOx because the n-butanol contains 21% oxygen, while S8 alone produced 30% less NOx emissions when compared to the ULSD#2 baseline. The RCCI reduced soot by 80–90% (more efficient for S8). However, S8 alone showed a considerable increase in soot emissions compared with ULSD#2. The indicated thermal efficiency was the highest for the ULSD#2 and S8 baseline at 44%. The RCCI strategies showed a decrease in indicated thermal efficiency at 40% ULSD#2-RCCI and 42% and for S8-RCCI, respectively. S8 as a single fuel proved to be a very capable alternative to ULSD#2 in terms of combustion performance nevertheless, exhibited higher soot emissions that have been mitigated with the RCCI strategy without penalty in engine performance.

Methyl Oleate Evaluation as a Model Fuel for Peanuts FAME, in an Indirect Injection Diesel Engine

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Soloiu ◽  
Jabeous Weaver ◽  
Marvin Duggan ◽  
Henry Ochieng ◽  
Brian Vlcek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Methyl Oleate ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Diffusion Combustion ◽  
Combustion Modeling ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Auxiliary Power ◽  
Model Fuel

This study investigates the combustion characteristics of methyl oleate (oleic FAME) produced from oleic acid. This compound is the main fatty acid component of peanut FAME, a potential renewable biofuel. Methyl oleate has been suggested in our previous work as a reference fuel or surrogate for biodiesel for advanced research (simulation and experiments), or as an enrichment compound to improve biodiesel’s fuel properties. This investigation compares the combustion and emissions characteristics of methyl oleate to peanut FAME and ultra-low sulfur diesel No. 2 (ULSD), in a single-cylinder indirect injection diesel engine intended for use as an auxiliary power unit. The dynamic viscosity of peanut FAME (P100) and Methyl Oleate (O100) was found to be 5.2 cP and 4.3 cP, respectively, at 40°C. It was determined from the ASTM standards for biodiesel that up to 50% FAME could be run in the engine. The lower heating value of P100 and O100 was 36 MJ/kg and 37 MJ/kg respectively, compared to 42.7MJ/kg for ULSD. With a combustion time of 2ms, P50 and O50 have shown similar combustion characteristics with ignition delays of about 1 ms at 2200rpm, 6.2 imep (100% load). The P50, O50, and ULSD heat release, with premixed phase combining with diffusion combustion, produced maximum values of 20.3 J/CAD, 22.7 J/CAD, and 21.9 J/CAD respectively. The heat fluxes were calculated by the Annand model, and a 2% increase in maximum total heat flux was observed for O50 compared with a maximum value of 1.95 MW/m2 for ULSD and P50. The mechanical efficiency of 77% was similar for all tested FAME blends and ULSD. The NOx increased for P20 by 6% compared with ULSD while for P50 it was similar to the ULSD values. The NOx emissions of methyl oleate showed a similar trend with that of ULSD. The soot values were relatively constant for all of the methyl oleate blends and increased by 14% for P50 when comparing both fuels to ULSD. The findings support the use of methyl oleate as a reference or model fuel for combustion modeling, and as a compound for enriching biodiesel.

Comparison of Soot Evolution Using High-Speed CMOS Color Camera and Two-Color Thermometry in an Optical Diesel Engine Fueled With B20 Biodiesel Blend and Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kan Zha ◽  
Radu-Catalin Florea ◽  
Marcis Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Soot Temperature ◽  
Piston Bowl ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Wall Impingement ◽  
Kl Factor ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Low Sulfur

Biodiesel is a desirable alternative fuel for the diesel engine due to its low engine-out soot emission tendency. When blended with petroleum-based diesel fuels, soot emissions generally decrease in proportion to the volume fraction of biodiesel in the mixture. While comparisons of engine-out soot measurements between biodiesel blends and petroleum-based diesel have been widely reported, in-cylinder soot evolution has not been experimentally explored to the same extent. To elucidate the soot emission reduction mechanism of biodiesel, a single-cylinder optically-accessible diesel engine was used to compare the in-cylinder soot evolution when fueled with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) to that using a B20 biodiesel blend (20% vol/vol biodiesel ASTM D6751-03A). Soot temperature and KL factors are simultaneously determined using a novel two-color optical thermometry technique implemented with a high-speed CMOS color camera having wide-band Bayer filters. The crank-angle resolved data allows quantitative comparison of the rate of in-cylinder soot formation. High-speed spray images show that B20 has more splashing during spray wall impingement than ULSD, distributing rebounding fuel droplets over a thicker annular ring interior to the piston bowl periphery. The subsequent soot luminescence is observed by high-speed combustion imaging and soot temperature and KL factor measurements. B20 forms soot both at low KL magnitudes over large areas between fuel jets, and at high values among remnants of the fuel spray, along its axis and away from the bowl edge. In contrast, ULSD soot luminescence is observed exclusively as pool burning on the piston bowl surfaces resulting from fuel wall impingement. The soot KL factor evolution during B20 combustion indicates earlier and significantly greater soot formation than with ULSD. B20 combustion is also observed to have a greater soot oxidation rate which results in lower engine-out soot emissions. Measured soot temperatures near 1875K were similar for the two fuels for the duration of combustion. For both fuels, higher fuel injection pressure led to lower late-cycle soot KL levels. The trends of soot natural luminosity correlated well with the trends of soot KL factor, suggesting that relatively simple measurements of combustion luminosity may provide somewhat quantitative information about in-cylinder soot formation and oxidation. The apparent rate of heat release (ARHR) analysis under steady skip-fire conditions indicates that B20 combustion is less sensitive to wall temperature than that observed with ULSD due to a lesser degree of pool burning. B20 was found to have both a shorter ignition delay and shorter combustion duration than ULSD.

scholarly journals Effect of Natural and Synthesized Oil Blends with Diesel by Volume on Lubrication and Performance of Internal Combustion Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Laxman Palikhel ◽  
Rupesh Lal Karn ◽  
Suman Aryal ◽  
Barsha Neupane
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Viscosity Change ◽  
Oil Blends ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Metal Deactivator ◽  
Low Sulfur

Use of ultra-low sulfur diesel leads to improve emission but it has negative impact on lubrication. Poor lubrication leads to damage the cylinder parts and piston rings. For proper lubrication in ultra-low sulfur diesel, anti-wear agent, corrosion & Rust inhibitor, metal deactivator, Anti-oxidant, Pour point depressant, seal swell agent, viscosity improver and other are used. Viscosity improver such as polymers and copolymers of methacrylates, butadiene olefins and alkylated styrenes reduce the rate of viscosity change with temperature, metal deactivator are organic complexes containing nitrogen or sulphur, amines, sulphides and phosphites reduce catalytic effect on metals on oxidation rate, anti-wear agent such as Zinc dithiophosphates, organic phosphates and acid phosphates reduces friction and wear and prevent scoring and seizure. In this paper comparison of 5% blend of commercially available synthesized lubricating oil mixed with pure diesel by volume and 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha with pure diesel by volume is investigated. It is found that for the same brake power, indicated power provided by 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil. The friction loss for 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil. Throughout the load specific fuel consumption of 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil except at low load (i.e. before 1.5kg). Other performance parameters such as indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency also support the fact that 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha shows a better performance characteristics than 5% blend of lubricating oil.

scholarly journals Emission and Performance Characteristics of VCR Engine with Pumpkin Seed Bio Diesel Blends

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2893-2895
Keyword(s):  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Pumpkin Seed ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Emission And Performance ◽  
Load Conditions ◽  
Increasing Load

The objective of the present study is to analyze the emission and performance characteristics at different compression ratio in VCR diesel engine using pumpkins seed. Bio diesel is prepared by trans-esterification process in biodiesel plant. Blends (20%, 40% and 60%)of pumpkin seed biodiesel and diesel blends are prepared and test were conducted at the load conditions (3-12 kg) The enforcement criterias like exhaust emissions, brake thermal efficiency( BTE) and Brake specific fuel consumption ( BSFC) been assessed and analyzed. And experimental results shows BSFC is same for diesel and biodiesel blends and at higher loads, 40% biodiesel blend has efficiency closer to the diesel, NOX emission in biodiesel blends have same at different loads, CO2 emissions gradually increases with increasing load.

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis M. Hsu ◽  
Judy Hayman ◽  
Judith Koch ◽  
Debbie Mandell
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
True Score ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Normative Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Quadratic Models

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graphs of typical and abnormal Ds are based on quadratic models of the relation of sizes of Ds to FSIQs. These models are generalizations of models described in Hsu (1996) . The new graphical method of identifying Abnormal Ds is compared to the conventional Payne-Jones method of identifying these Ds. Implications of the three juxtaposed graphs for the interpretation of VIQ-PIQ differences are discussed.

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