Firing Tests of Biocoal

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaisen Mody ◽  
Roman Saveliev ◽  
Ezra Bar-Ziv ◽  
Miron Perelman
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Biomass Feedstock ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
The Common ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Firing Tests

As part of PGE-EBC-MTU collaboration of the testing program to fire up to 100% of biocoal in the 600 MW Boardman boiler we produced samples from the seven biomass feedstock: Arundo Donax (AD), wheat waste, corn waste, woody hybrid poplar, and bark from hybrid poplar, woody pine, and bark from pine. The various samples of biocoal were tested in a combustion chamber with the following results: (1) Biocoal was fired and burned providing temperature and gas concentration profiles similar to coal. (2) NOx emission from all biocoal originating from any type of biomass feedstock was found to be significantly lower than that from coal burning. (3) SOx emissions was found to correlate directly to sulfur content in the plant minerals, which is very small for all types of biomass tested. (4) Fouling was quite low for all biocoal tested, such that it can be handled with an optimized water cannons procedure. (5) Minerals in the biocoal were found to segregate from the carbon particles which means that slagging propensity can be predicted by the common slagging indices. (6) Carbon cycle analysis revealed significant reduction of CO2 when using these biomass feedstock types, particularly the bark types.

Production and Characterization of Biocoal for Coal-Fired Boilers

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaisen Mody ◽  
Roman Saveliev ◽  
Ezra Bar-Ziv ◽  
Miron Perelman
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Powder River Basin ◽  
Biomass Feedstock ◽  
Plant Site ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Powder River Basin Coal ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Firing Tests

As part of PGE-EBC-MTU collaboration of the testing program to fire up to 100% of biocoal in the 600 MW Boardman boiler we produced samples from the seven biomass feedstock: Arundo Donax (AD), wheat waste, corn waste, woody hybrid poplar, and bark from hybrid poplar, woody pine, and bark from pine. The idea was to produce a few thousand tons of biocoal from woody and bark poplar for a 100% firing tests and from the other types to produce a 1000 tons of biocoal from each material that will be co-fired up to 10% with Powder River Basin coal. Biocoal is produced by a torrefaction which is a thermal process carried out in absence of oxygen. We have produced biocoal samples from the above biomass feedstock in two pilot facilities, one in Israel and another in Michigan. The torrefaction process comprises the following steps: (1) shredding and soil separation, (2) drying, (3) torrefaction, and (4) compaction to produce biocoal briquettes. Biocoal briquettes are essential for logistics, safety, operational, and economic considerations. The briquettes must be durable, water resistant and can be pulverized in common coal mills. The briquettes that we produced did indeed conform to these properties. A real operational challenge was working with absence of oxygen which essential for the torrefaction process as well as for safety considerations because the entire process occurs at elevated temperatures which biocoal can burn. A 30,000 t/year torrefaction facility has been constructed at the Boardman Plant site to produce biocoal required for the firing tests.

scholarly journals Methodological Approaches to Pedagogical Control of Motor Readiness of Girls Aged 6-10

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ivashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Education Management ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Discriminant Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Methodological Approaches

The objective is to determine methodological approaches to pedagogical control of motor readiness of girls aged 6-10. Materials and methods. The participants in the experiment were girls aged 6 (n = 36), aged 7 (n = 48), aged 8 (n = 57), aged 9 (n = 38), aged 10 (n = 46). To achieve the tasks set, the research relied on the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics. The testing program consisted of well-known tests. As a modeling method, the research used factor and discriminant analyses.Results. The analysis of the factor and discriminant model of motor readiness has provided information necessary for making decisions in physical education management, as well as for developing effective physical training programs for girls aged 6-10.Conclusions. The girls aged 6-10 show a multifactorial structure of motor readiness. By analyzing the common features, the research has defined informative tests of motor readiness control for each age group. During the analysis, the research has calculated the canonical discriminant function coefficients (non-standardized), which act as the factors of specified variable values included in the discriminant functions. On their basis, it is possible to classify the girls by their level of motor readiness according to the age, which is of practical value. 

One-Dimensional Gas Concentration Profiles Within a Burning Cigarette During a Puff

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Lanzillotti ◽  
A.R. Wayte
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Isothermal Diffusion ◽  
Cigarette Paper ◽  
Axial Concentration ◽  
Reaction Profile

AbstractA technique for axial concentration measurements of several gas phase components of cigarette smoke during a two-second puff has been described. Gas concentration profiles constructed from these measurements were used to determine the axial order of the reactions which determine these concentrations. A one-dimensional model combustion reaction profile and a one-dimensional model coal temperature profile were presented. The diffusivities of several combustion gases through cigarette paper were calculated from the concentration data using the Owens-Reynolds model for the isothermal diffusion of gases through cigarette paper.

Temperature and gas concentration profiles in a circulating fluidized-bed combustor burning an Indian coal

2000 ◽  
Vol 214 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
S De ◽  
P K Nag
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Gas Concentration ◽  
Indian Coal ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Riser Height ◽  
Bed Material ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustor ◽  
Insight Into

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the bed temperature and gas concentration profiles due to combustion of an Indian coal in a laboratory-scale circulating fluidizedbed (CFB) combustor of 102 mm x 102mm cross-section and 5.25 m high, made of insulating firebricks. As the sulphur content of the coal burned was low, no sorbent was used. Sand acted as the bed material. The results are discussed for four different superficial velocities at a constant coal feed rate. The temperature of the bed was essentially uniform for each of the superficial velocities used. The oxygen concentration decreases along the riser height showing that combustion continues over its entire length. The carbon monoxide concentration decreases along the riser except only near the top. The carbon dioxide concentration, however, increases along the riser except near the top. The of NOx is also discussed, as it is a significant pollutant from coal combustion. The results are explained to obtain some insight into the combustion of coal in a CFB.

Stationary and time-dependent indoor tracer-gas concentration profiles measured by OP-FTIR remote sensing and SBFM-computed tomography

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Drescher ◽  
D.Y. Park ◽  
M.G. Yost ◽  
A.J. Gadgil ◽  
S.P. Levine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Gas Concentration

scholarly journals A control method of fuel distribution by combustion chamber zones and its dependence on injection conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 5) ◽  
pp. 1425-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Shatrov ◽  
Valery Malchuk ◽  
Andrey Dunin ◽  
Ivan Shishlov ◽  
Vladimir Sinyavski
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Effective Cross Section ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Excessive Pressure ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

A method of fuel injection rate shaping of the Diesel engine common rail fuel system with common rail injectors and solenoid control is proposed. The method envisages the impact on control current of impulses applied to the control solenoid valve of the common rail injectors for variation of the injection rate shape. At that, the fuel is supplied via two groups of injection holes. The entering edges of the first group with the coefficient of flow, ??B, were located in the sack volume and the entering edges of the second group (coefficient of flow, ??H) - on the locking taper surface of the nozzle body. The coefficients of flow, ??B, and ??H differ considerably and depend on the valve needle position. This enables to adjust the injection quantity by injection holes taking into account operating conditions of the Diesel engine and hence - by the combustion chamber zones. Using the constant fuel flow set-up, characteristic of the effective cross-section of the common rail fuel system injector holes was investigated. The diameter of injector holes was 0.12 ? 0.135 mm. The excessive pressure at the entering edges varied from 30 to 150 MPa and more and the excessive pressure in the volume behind the output edge - from 0 to 16 MPa.

scholarly journals Intelligent Multi-Soft Sensing for Flame Position of Steam Boilers

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-172
Author(s):  
Mincho Hadjiski ◽  
Lyubka Doukovska ◽  
Metodi Nikolov ◽  
Stefan Koynov
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Output Section ◽  
Inference Control ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Flame Position

Abstract A new inference control system for the flame position in the combustion chamber of a power plant system boiler is presented. The system is based on enhanced multi-softsensing at three operational levels – basic level, providing estimates of all necessary technological variables; a separate Mill Fan (MF) level, and a total Dust Preparation System (DPS) level. The control system involves a subsystem for the stabilization of the position of the common MF ventilation rate momentum in a given threshold area in a burner horizon, which is supervised by an inference correction based on softsensed 2D flame position in the output section of the combustion chamber. A hybrid approach is accepted in softsensing, using fusion of the first principle models, statistical models, neural networks and fuzzy logic based models. Real experimental results are presented from TPP.

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