The Modelling and Optimal Control of a Hybrid Propulsion System for an Ice-Capable Ship

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Kayvan Pazouki ◽  
Rose Norman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
High Torque

Abstract Due to the effect of global warming, navigation on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) has become a more economical and reliable choice for international cargo transportation. In some ways, global warming has increased the opportunity of shipping activities in the Arctic region and hence the need for ice-capable vessels. NSR shipping provides benefits for international trade, but challenges still exist. Although conventional direct drive propulsion system connected to 2 stroke marine engine is normally considered the most efficient approach for long-range transport, for icebreaking operation which requires prime movers to work at partial load, conventional mechanical propulsion systems generally have poor fuel efficiency and high emissions. Moreover, the harmful gases produced by ships trading in NSR have a significant impact on the Arctic climate. Moreover, a traditional mechanical drive icebreaker with a diesel engine is required to operate at high torque, low rpm during icebreaking operation. Thus conventional diesel engine that isn’t optimised to operate at this point would be inefficient and would produce black carbon due to incomplete combustion, which has the potential to cause ice, snow, and cloud albedo out of proportion with normal pattern, thus lead to serious impacts on the Arctic environment and eco-system. Arctic ship propulsion systems have been developing since the 19th century, with modifications such as the use of diesel electric propulsion systems and nuclear power propulsion systems which can ideally meet the requirements of ice breaking operation (low speed and high torque), however, drawbacks still exist in these systems, such as poor fuel efficiency at low speeds for diesel electric propulsion and for nuclear power, there are limitations such as high initial cost, management of nuclear waste and the fact that the required deep knowledge of nuclear technology is mastered by few countries. Hybrid propulsion is a new technology for ice-capable ships, which can address the partial loading efficiency problem in diesel-electric propulsion by charging and discharging a battery energy storage unit which can allow the ship to work in zero-emission mode in some sensitive areas. In this paper, detailed modelling, primary control strategies (voltage and frequency stability) and efficiency analysis of system components such as the motor, generator, battery and conversion devices etc. are and implemented in software, and then the whole power system is simulated with a secondary control strategy (load power sharing and battery aging concern) in both ice and open water load conditions. The results from the diesel electric system and hybrid system total fuel consumption within a target journey are compared to investigate the advantage of the hybrid system, which show up to a 40% fuel consumption reduction for hybrid propulsion arrangement. A tertiary control strategy for energy management is analysed and implemented in the system to further reduce system fuel consumption.

The Modeling and Optimal Control of a Hybrid Propulsion System for an Ice-Capable Tanker

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Kayvan Pazouki ◽  
Rosemary Norman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
System Stability ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion

Abstract With the effects of global warming, the North Sea Route has become an economic option for cargo transportation because of the shorter distance between East Asia and Europe. Generally, conventional mechanical propulsion systems installed in ice-capable tankers suffer from significant drawbacks because of poor fuel efficiency when sailing at low speed, therefore, advanced technologies have been applied such as diesel electric and nuclear-powered propulsion; however, drawbacks still exist. Hybrid propulsion is a more environmental-friendly, economical solution for ships with icebreaking capability, which can address the drawbacks in both diesel electric and nuclear power systems. In this paper, modeling of system components is presented and implemented in MATLAB Simulink. A primary control strategy is applied to the system to ensure system stability, and an advanced secondary strategy is developed and applied to the power sources to minimize fuel consumption. Given two scenarios, the simulation results of the hybrid propulsion system developed in this research and those of diesel electric propulsion systems with DC and AC distribution systems are compared and indicate that the hybrid system can offer up to 22.4% fuel savings over ice-loading condition, and 39.5% fuel reduction over the particular voyage of varying speed in open water is applied in this paper. Introduction In recent years, some sea routes that were previously blocked by ice have become increasingly accessible in the warmest months of the year due to the effects of global warming. Researchers have estimated that, by 2030, the percentage of Arctic shipping will have increased to 25% of cargo trade between Europe and Asia (Lasserre 2019). Northern Sea Route (NSR) shipping provides benefits for international trade, but challenges still exist. Increasing carbon emissions have seriously impacted the Arctic environment (Hassol & Corell 2006). Table 1 shows the total number of ships using Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) in Arctic waters in 2015, and associated black carbon emissions, as published by the IMO (Comer et al. 2017). As it is shown, oil tankers made up just 4.5% of all ships entering Arctic waters but despite their low proportion, they were responsible for 17% of black carbon emissions. Thus, an environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient propulsion system to reduce these emissions from tankers trading in Arctic waters is required.

scholarly journals Ecological Aspects of Implementing Prospective Propulsion Schemes of Short and Medium Haul Aircrafts

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Самойлов ◽  
M. Samoylov ◽  
Бурцев ◽  
S. Burtsev ◽  
Симаков ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Hybrid Power Plant ◽  
Traditional Patterns

The influence of the circuitry of the hybrid power plant short and medium haul aircraft on their fuel efficiency and environmental characteristics have been investigated. Directions of improvement of traditional patterns of power plants of aircraft on the example of PD-14 engine were analyzed. It has been shown that the use of turbojet engines and traditional schemes operating on aviation kerosene, will not allow to fulfill the demands made by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to perspective plane 2025–2035. The analysis of the three schemes hybrid propulsion systems has been performed. It has been shown that using the presented hybrid propulsion systems of alternative fuels can reduce CO2 emissions by 19% to 20% compared with conventional turbojet engines, which run on kerosene TS-1. It has been shown that this fuel efficiency is increased by 2–3%, and the total mass of the power plant increases of 6 to 16%.

scholarly journals Impact phenomena assessment: Part I – Structural performance of a tanker subjected to ship grounding at the Arctic

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 02061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Rio Prabowo ◽  
Jung Hoon Byeon ◽  
Hyun Jin Cho ◽  
Jung Min Sohn ◽  
Dong Myung Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Reduce Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ship Structures ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Impact Phenomena ◽  
Ship Grounding

The remarkable influence of the global warming to Arctic environment opens a possibility to conduct a voyage from Asia to Europe through the Northern Sea Route (NSR). This option is considered as a decent solution to reduce fuel consumption and increase time efficiency in delivering cargo to the designated destination. However, this alternative comes with a challenge to keep safety of ship structures against an impact with obstacles which are possibly encountered at the Arctic. Solid ice can be considered as a serious threat to the double bottom of ship structures in impact phenomena, especially ship grounding. In this work, a series of grounding calculations are conducted to produce estimation of structural crashworthiness during interaction between double bottom and conical type ice. Material characteristics based on tensile testing of polar class material are applied to calculation and compared with non-polar steel.

Life Cycle Analysis for a Powertrain in a Concept for Electric Power Generation in a Hybrid Electric Aircraft

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schneider ◽  
Jens Dickhoff ◽  
Karsten Kusterer ◽  
Wilfried Visser
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the recent decades, civil aviation was growing 4.7% per annum. In order to reduce emissions promoting the global warming process, alternative propulsion systems are needed. Full-electric propulsion systems in aviation might have the potential for emission-free flights using renewable energy. However, several research efforts indicate electric propulsion only seems feasible for small aircraft. Especially due to the low energy density of batteries compared to fossil fuels. For this reason, hybrid propulsion systems came into focus, combining the benefits of all-electric and conventional propulsion system concepts. It is also considered as bridging technology, system test and basis for component development — and therewith paves the way towards CO2 free aviation. In the ‘HyFly’ project (supported by the German Luftfahrtforschungsprogramm LuFo V-3), the potential of a hybrid electric concept for a short/mid-range 19 PAX aircraft is assessed — not only on system but also on single component basis. In a recent study, the propulsion architecture and the operating mode of the gas turbine and the electric components have been defined [1]. In this paper, the advantages of the hybrid propulsion architecture and a qualitative assessment of component life are presented. Methods for life time prediction for the aircraft engine, the electric motor, the reluctance generator and the battery are discussed. The impact of turbine inlet temperature on life consumption is analyzed. The life cycle of the aircraft engine and the electric components including gradual component deterioration and consequent performance degradation is simulated by using an in-house gas turbine simulation tool (GTPsim). Therefore, various effects on electric propulsion system can be predicted for the entire drivetrain system in less than one hour.

Optimal control of a turbocharged direct injection diesel engine by direct method optimization

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Manuel Luján ◽  
Carlos Guardiola ◽  
Benjamín Pla ◽  
Alberto Reig
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Optimal Control Strategy

This work studies the effect and performance of an optimal control strategy on engine fuel efficiency and pollutant emissions. An accurate mean value control-oriented engine model has been developed and experimental validation on a wide range of operating conditions was carried out. A direct optimization method based on Euler’s collocation scheme is used in combination with the above model in order to address the optimal control of the engine. This optimization method provides the optimal trajectories of engine controls (fueling rate, exhaust gas recirculation valve position, variable turbine geometry position and start of injection) to reproduce a predefined route (speed trajectory including variable road grade), minimizing fuel consumption with limited [Formula: see text] emissions and a low soot stamp. This optimization procedure is performed for a set of different [Formula: see text] emission limits in order to analyze the trade-off between optimal fuel consumption and minimum emissions. Optimal control strategies are validated in an engine test bench and compared against engine factory calibration. Experimental results show that significant improvements in both fuel efficiency and emissions reduction can be achieved with optimal control strategy. Fuel savings at about 4% and less than half of the factory [Formula: see text] emissions were measured in the actual engine, while soot generation was still low. Experimental results and optimal control trajectories are thoroughly analyzed, identifying the different strategies that allowed those performance improvements.

Research and Analysis of the Economy and Environmental Benefits of Electric Propulsion Systems in Marine

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 2698-2700
Author(s):  
Jun Hua Zong ◽  
Lei Mei ◽  
Da Zheng Wang ◽  
Ya Zhang ◽  
Dan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Working Condition ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fuel Costs

Electric propulsion uses stepless variable speed (CVT), and it’s supplied stable power with generator to achieve the purpose of fuel economy. This paper will contrast fuel consumption of traditional propulsion and electric propulsion in multi-working condition ship. For a 36m tuna longline vessel, in this paper ,fuel consumption and fuel economy of these two propulsion methods are analyzed, and it turned out: the electric propulsion method can save fuel 25.1 tons per year, be equal to saving fuel costs 20.8 million RMB and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 80 tons per year.

scholarly journals A Survey on Through-the-Road Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Rizzo ◽  
Shayesteh Naghinajad ◽  
Francesco Tiano ◽  
Matteo Marino
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Heat Engine ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
And Control ◽  
Driving Torque

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) can be divided into three categories according to how the two propulsion systems (the thermal and the electric ones) supply the driving torque to the vehicle. When the torque is supplied only by an electric propulsion system, while the heat engine takes care of generating the electricity needed to operate the system, it is called a hybrid-series. Conversely, when both propulsion systems provide torque, the vehicle is identified with parallel hybrid wording. Among the parallel hybrids there is a particular configuration called Through-the-Road (TTR). In this configuration, the two propulsion systems are not mechanically connected to each other, but it is precisely the road that allows hybrid propulsion. This architecture, dating back to the early twentieth century, is still used by several manufacturers and carries with it peculiar configurations and control methods. It is also a configuration that fits well with the transformation of conventional vehicles into a hybrid. The paper presents a survey of the TTR HEV solution, evidencing applications, potentialities and limits.

Hidden Advantages and Strategic Leaps for CODAG, CODELAG, CODELOG and Hybrid Propulsion Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan L. Hendry ◽  
Nicholas Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Us Navy ◽  
Mean Time

Abstract Navies worldwide are increasingly considering and adopting propulsion plants with electric propulsion for cruise and ship silent operation, and gas turbines for boost propulsion for high speed. These propulsion plants, often referred to as hybrid propulsion, utilize water jets, controllable pitch propellers, or fixed pitch propellers, and have design and overall configuration to fit into naval ships with various size hulls such as would be the case with corvettes, frigates, destroyers, cruisers, etc. Therefore, size, weight, and space of the propulsion plant is important, but equally important is limiting associated machinery which must be used with a particular hybrid propulsion plant design selected. In addition, propulsion design engineers, in conjunction with naval architects, shipyards and navies, must consider fuel efficiencies, machinery efficiencies, weight of all the associated machinery, placement in the hull, first time cost, and life cycle maintenance with associated cost when selecting the configuration of the propulsion system’s associated machinery. Manning levels are dictated by these parameters and in the end, it must be realized that the purpose of the ship mission can be compromised if reliability is not high and premature failures occur. This paper is a more in depth analysis of hybrid propulsion systems for naval ships of various sizes, and analysis of the associate machinery emphasizing ship weight and space savings, fuel savings, cost savings, mean time between failures and mean time to repair which results in lower manning requirements and increased mission readiness. By the time this paper is published, more than 250 SSS Clutches will be installed in US Navy Arleigh Burke Destroyers, 32 are operating in low speed propeller shafts of British Navy Type 23 ships, 2 in the Japanese Navy’s Asuka Class and 16 in low speed propeller shafts of Royal Korean Navy FFX Batch II frigates. At the time of abstract submission, all three programs referenced above have cumulatively had zero defects attributable to SSS Clutch material, function, design, or quality. While the US Navy are given occasional reminders of why alternative clutch designs remain ineffective, unreliable and remarkedly inefficient, other nations’ vertically tiered supply chains and inexperienced engineers are shielded from similar issues.

Energy Storage Analysis to Increase Large Ship Fuel Efficiency

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Gully ◽  
Michael E. Webber ◽  
Carolyn C. Seepersad ◽  
Richard C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Hybrid Powertrain ◽  
Power Load ◽  
Large Ship

The marine transportation industry is a significant contributor to global emissions of CO2 and other pollutants. Although marine emission standards have become increasingly stringent, increasing fuel efficiency remains the primary objective in terms of further reducing emissions and overall marine energy use. In this paper, a hybrid powertrain is investigated as a means of increasing fuel efficiency for a modern, 100 m class, passenger vessel. The hybrid powertrain includes an Energy Storage System (ESS) based on sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries and commercially available Caterpillar diesel engine-generator sets. The ship’s power load profile is based on annual averages for similar vessels. A control strategy and simulation models are developed and implemented in Simulink to analyze the power and energy flows in the hybrid powertrain. The Simulink model is used to compare the base scenario of a ship without energy storage to a hybrid scenario employing a 7.5 MWh NaS battery pack with related control strategy. Annual fuel consumption is the primary measure that is used to assess efficiency. Unlike hybrid powertrains for light-duty surface vehicle transportation, which achieve efficiency gains on the order of 10–20% [8, 9, 10], the hybrid powertrain for a large ship is estimated to lower annual fuel consumption by approximately 2%. The surprisingly small level of fuel savings is explained largely by the granularity of marine power systems, which include multiple generators that can be switched on and off to maximize fuel efficiency.

Hybrid Electric Design Enters Navy Service: A Report on the Early Service Experience From LHD 8 -USS Makin Island

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. David Mako ◽  
Shane Mccullough ◽  
Abe Boughner
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Service Experience ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Gas Turbine Power Plant

The LHD 8 amphibious assault ship utilizes a hybrid propulsion plant, where the ship has the capability to be propelled by electric propulsion motors or gas turbine engines all of which is controlled and monitored by a state-of-the-art Machinery Control System (MCS). Unlike the previous ships of the class which were steam powered, the hybrid drive is designed to allow economical low speed fuel efficiency on electric motors as well as a traditional gas turbine power plant for all other mission areas. This will yield significant fuel savings over the life of the ship. The integrated machinery control system is likewise expected to reduce life cycle costs through reduced manning. After a successful series of sea trials, the LHD 8, Makin Island was delivered to the US Navy on April 2009 and departed the builders’ yard in July 2009 for a transit around the tip of South America to her homeport of San Diego, CA. The paper discusses the results of Builders and Acceptance Trials as well as the in-service experience of the ship on her maiden voyage. Examples are given of predicted vs. expected fuel consumption rates, design issues encountered and corrective measures taken as well as feedback from operators on the overall machinery plant design the MCS and its ease of operation. Included in the paper are ship drawings, photos and diagrams.

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