pH-Sensor Under Consideration for Multi-Sensor-Chip in Downhole Drilling Fluid Monitoring

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kühne ◽  
Frederic Güth ◽  
Heike Strauß ◽  
Yvonne Joseph ◽  
Pál Árki
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Glass Electrode ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Ph Sensing ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Ph Sensors ◽  
Drilling Muds

Modern drill strings for the exploration of oil and gas are equipped with a variety of sensor carrying devices such as Measurement While Drilling (MWD), Logging While Drilling (LWD), and Formation Testing While Drilling (FTWD). These devices generate a large amount of downhole data, such as the orientation of the well, drilling parameters e.g. weight on bit and torque, and formation properties. Appropriate telemetry systems are included in the drill string to transfer relevant downhole data in real time to the surface. Other data is stored in memories downhole for subsequent evaluation. However, drilling fluid properties are still monitored at the surface and their behavior under borehole conditions is predicted with hydraulic models. Commercial solutions for a direct downhole measurement of various drilling fluid parameters are rare, though they would increase drilling process safety and the knowledge about the behavior of drilling fluids under real bottomhole conditions. The pH has a significant influence on the properties of water-based muds and plays a role in the chemistry of oil-based muds as the water cut in the emulsion increases. Commercial pH-sensing devices, such as the glass electrode, and optical sensors are not appropriate for the pH measurement under bottomhole conditions. Fragility, the insufficient degree of miniaturization, the low temperature and pressure resistance due to the liquid reference electrolyte, and phenomena such as the alkaline error are certain drawbacks of glass electrodes. Often optical sensors often will not capture the whole pH scale and require the medium to be at least slightly transparent for light. The usage of pH-sensors based on EIS (electrolyte-isolator-semiconductor) structures is a possible application of chemical sensors for drilling fluid monitoring under in situ borehole conditions. This paper presents results from a study on the behavior of an EIS structure as a pH sensitive electrode measured vs. a commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode in comparison with a commercial glass electrode. EIS structures are capacitive pH sensors where the sensing layer is generally a metal oxide on a semiconductor substrate. Measurements in basic drilling muds were conducted under constant temperature and atmospheric pressure while the drilling mud was steadily stirred. The mud was titrated from alkaline to acidic conditions with hydrochloric acid and the pH was measured after potential equilibration at the electrodes. The results show a general feasibility for the usage of the proposed sensor. There are still certain challenges to be overcome in the development of a robust and reliable pH-sensing device for complex fluids, such as drilling muds under high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) conditions.

scholarly journals Modification of DS-01 Drilling Fluid to Reduce Formation Damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winarto S. ◽  
Sugiatmo Kasmungin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Formation Damage ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Initial Flow ◽  
Lost Circulation ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Drilling Muds

<em>In the process of drilling for oil and gas wells the use of appropriate drilling mud can reduce the negative impacts during ongoing drilling and post-drilling operations (production). In general, one of the drilling muds that are often used is conventional mud type with weighting agent barite, but the use of this type of mud often results in skin that is difficult to clean. Therefore in this laboratory research an experiment was carried out using a CaCO3 weigting agent called Mud DS-01. CaCO3 is widely used as a material for Lost Circulation Material so that it is expected that using CaCO3 mud will have little effect on formation damage or at least easily cleaned by acidizing. The aim of this research is to obtain a formula of mud with CaCO3 which at least gives formation damage. Laboratory experiments on this drilling mud using several mud samples adjusted to the property specifications of the mud program. Mud sample consists of 4, namely using super fine, fine, medium, and conventional CaCO3. First measuring mud properties in each sample then testing the filter cake breaker, testing the initial flow rate using 200 ml of distilled water and a 20 micron filter disk inserted in a 500 ml HPHT cell then assembled in a PPA jacket and injecting a pressure of 100 psi. The acidification test was then performed using 15% HCL and then pressured 100 psi for 3 hours to let the acid work to remove the cake attached to the filter disk (acidizing). Laboratory studies are expected which of these samples will minimize the formation damage caused by drilling fluids.</em>

scholarly journals Investigation of Non-Linear Rheological Characteristics of Barite-Free Drilling Fluids

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Leusheva ◽  
Nataliia Brovkina ◽  
Valentin Morenov
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Oil And Gas Wells ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Drilling Muds

Drilling fluids play an important role in the construction of oil and gas wells. Furthermore, drilling of oil and gas wells at offshore fields is an even more complex task that requires application of specialized drilling muds, which are non-Newtonian and complex fluids. With regard to fluid properties, it is necessary to manage the equivalent circulation density because its high values can lead to fracture in the formation, loss of circulation and wellbore instability. Thus, rheology of the used drilling mud has a significant impact on the equivalent circulation density. The aim of the present research is to develop compositions of drilling muds with a low solids load based on salts of formate acid and improve their rheological parameters for wells with a narrow drilling fluid density range. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide of different molecular weights was proposed as a replacement for hydrolized polyacrylamide. The experiment was conducted on a Fann rotary viscometer. The article presents experimentally obtained data of indicators such as plastic viscosity, yield point, nonlinearity index and consistency coefficient. Experimental data were analyzed by the method of approximation. Analysis is performed in order to determine the most suitable rheological model, which describes the investigated fluids’ flow with the least error.

scholarly journals Utilizing a new eco-friendly drilling mud additive generated from wastes to minimize the use of the conventional chemical additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3467-3481
Author(s):  
Abo Taleb T. Al-Hameedi ◽  
Husam H. Alkinani ◽  
Mohammed M. Alkhamis ◽  
Shari Dunn-Norman
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Partial Loss ◽  
Multifunctional Additive ◽  
Grain Sizes

Abstract The cost of the drilling operation is very high. Drilling fluid presents 15 to 30% of the entire expense of the drilling process. Ordinarily, the major drilling fluids additives are viscosity modifiers, filtration control agents, and partial loss treatments. In this experimental work, full-set measurements under fresh and aged conditions, as well as high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) API filtration, were conducted to study the impacts of adding 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5% of black sunflower seeds’ shell powder (BSSSP) to spud mud. BSSSP of various grain sizes showed their ability to be invested for viscosity modifying, seepage loss controlling, and partial loss remediation. In addition to BSSSP eminent efficiency to be used as a multifunctional additive, the BSSSP is cheap, locally obtainable in commercial quantities, environmentally friendly additive and easy to grind into various desired grain sizes. Besides its outstanding strength to behave under conditions up to 30 h aged time and under 50 °C (122 °F) temperature, the utilization of powdered waste black sunflower shells in the drilling process and other industrial applications can reduce the effects of food waste on the environment and the personnel safety. To sum it up, experimental findings revealed that BSSSP can be used for multiple applications as a novel fibrous and particulate additive. The results elucidated BSSSP suitability in substituting or at least minimizing some of the traditional chemical materials utilized in the petroleum industry such as salt clay, polymers, and lost circulation materials (LCM).

scholarly journals Applications of Biodiesel in Drilling Fluids

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ashraf Ahmed ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Saad Al-Afnan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Biodiesel, referred to as the monoalkyl ester of long-chain fatty acid ester that is synthesized by the complete transesterification of triglycerides, has captured the attention of drilling researchers attributing to its magnificent characteristics such as the high flash point, excellent lubricity, nontoxicity, high biodegradability, and abundant feedstock resources, which make it ecofriendly and technically and economically feasible for a sustainable drilling operation. There are several studies that reported and documented the usage of biodiesel in drilling fluids on laboratory and field scales. In this paper, the production and the key physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, the applications of biodiesel in drilling muds either as base fluids or additives were comprehensively surveyed. The literature review revealed that the challenges of biodiesel applications in drilling mud systems are related to its chemical reactivity and adverse interactions with some additives, along with its performance deficiency at temperature above 120°C. Therefore, further investigation on temperature stability and additive compatibility is recommended. In addition, as a new approach, it is recommended to study the potentiality of using crude waste oils in drilling mud formulations. The lessons learned and recommendations stated in this paper will assist in enhancing the proved use of biodiesel and drilling fluid optimization.

scholarly journals Dependence of the Equivalent Circulation Density of Formate Drilling Fluids on the Molecular Mass of the Polymer Reagent

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7639
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Leusheva ◽  
Valentin Morenov ◽  
Tianle Liu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Drilling Muds

Construction of offshore gas wells is characterized by increased requirements for both the technological process in general and the technological parameters of drilling fluids in particular. Parameters and properties of the used drilling muds must meet a large number of requirements. The main one is the preservation of the permeability of the reservoirs, in addition to the environmental and technological concerns. At the same time, pressures in the productive formation at offshore fields are often high; the anomaly coefficient is 1.2 and higher. The use of barite in such conditions can lead to contamination of the formation and a decrease in future well flow rates. In this regard, the development and study of the compositions for weighted drilling muds is necessary and relevant. The paper presents investigations on the development of such a composition based on salts of formic acid (formates) and evaluates the effect of the molecular weight of the polymer reagent (partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) on the equivalent circulation density of the drilling fluid. The result of the work is a formate-based high-density drilling mud with no barite added. Application of such a mud will preserve the permeability of the productive formation.

Pipe stick problems of deep well drilling

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (05) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Rövşən Azər oğlu İsmayılov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drill Pipe ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Fluid Circulation ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Pressure Pipe ◽  
Bottomhole Pressure

The aricle is about the pipe stick problems of deep well drilling. Pipe stick problem is one of the drilling problems. There are two types of pipe stick problems exist. One of them is differential pressure pipe sticking. Another one of them is mechanical pipe sticking. There are a lot of reasons for pipe stick problems. Indigators of differential pressure sticking are increase in torque and drug forces, inability to reciprocate drill string and uninterrupted drilling fluid circulation. Key words: pipe stick, mecanical pipe stick,difference of pressure, drill pipe, drilling mud, bottomhole pressure, formation pressure

Enhancement lubricity properties of water-based mud with nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
V.V. Guliyev ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Point ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Pseudoplastic Fluid ◽  
Water Based

Currently, a great number of drilling fluids with different additives are used all over the world. Such additives are applied to control the properties of the drilling mud. The main purpose for controlling is to achieve more effective and safe drilling process. This research work aims to develop Water-Based Mud (WBM) with a Coefficient of Friction (CoF) as low as Oil-Based Mud (OBM) and better rheological properties. As it is known, produced CoF by WBM is higher than OBM, which means high friction between wellbore or casing and drill string. It was the reason for studying the effect of nanosilica on drilling fluid properties such as lubricity, rheological parameters and filtrate loss volume of drilling mud. The procedures were carried out following API RP 13B and API 13I standards. Five concentrations of nanosilica were selected to be tested. According to the results obtained, it was defined that adding nanosilica into the mud decreases CoF of basic WBM by 26 % and justifies nanosilica as a good lubricating agent for drilling fluid. The decreasing trend in coefficient of friction and plastic viscosity for nanosilica was obtained until the concentration of 0.1 %. This reduction is due to the shear thinning or pseudoplastic fluid behavior. After 0.1 %, an increase at PV value trend indicates that it does not follow shear thinning behavior and after reaching a certain amount of dissolved solids in the mud, it acts like normal drilling fluid. The yield point of the mud containing nanoparticles was higher than the basic one. Moreover, a growth in the concentration leads to an increase in yield point value. The improvement of this fluid system cleaning capacity via hydraulics modification and wellhole stability by filter cake endurance increase by adding nanosilica is shown as well. The average well construction data of “Neft Dashlary” field was used for the simulation studies conducted for the investigation of hydraulics parameters of reviewed fluids for all series of experiments. The test results were accepted reliable in case of at least 3 times repeatability.

Flow Loop Investigation of Lubricant Concentration Effect on Mechanical Friction in Drilling Fluids

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan David Ytrehus ◽  
Ali Taghipour ◽  
Knud Richard Gyland ◽  
Bjørnar Lund ◽  
Sneha Sayindla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Steel Tubing ◽  
Steel Sections ◽  
Concrete Elements

A laboratory scale flow loop for drilling applications has been used for evaluating the effect of lubricants on skin friction during drilling and completion with oil based or low solids oil based fluids. The flow loop included a 10 meter long test section with 2″ OD free whirling rotating drill string inside a 4″ ID wellbore made of concrete elements positioned inside a steel tubing. A transparent part of the housing was located in the middle of the test section, separating two steel sections of equal length. The entire test section was mounted on a steel frame which can be tilted from horizontal to 30° inclination. The drilling fluids and additives in these experiments were similar to those used in specific fields in NCS. Friction coefficient was calculated from the measured torque for different flow velocities and rotational velocities and the force perpendicular to the surface caused by the buoyed weight of the string. The main objective of the article has been to quantify the effect on mechanical friction when applying different concentrations of an oil-based lubricant into an ordinary oil based drilling fluid and a low solids oil based drilling fluid used in a North Sea drilling and completion operation.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Barite and Hematite on the Rheology of Water-Based Drilling Mud

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osei H
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
The Impact

High demand for oil and gas has led to exploration of more petroleum resources even at remote areas. The petroleum resources are found in deeper subsurface formations and drilling into such formations requires a well-designed drilling mud with suitable rheological properties in order to avoid or reduce associated drilling problems. This is because rheological properties of drilling muds have considerable effect on the drilling operation and cleaning of the wellbore. Mud engineers therefore use mud additives to influence the properties and functions of the drilling fluid to obtain the desired drilling mud properties especially rheological properties. This study investigated and compared the impact of barite and hematite as weighting agents for water-based drilling muds and their influence on the rheology. Water-based muds of different concentrations of weighting agents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total weight of the drilling mud) were prepared and their rheological properties determined at an ambient temperature of 24ᵒC to check their impact on drilling operation. The results found hematite to produce higher mud density, plastic viscosity, gel strength and yield point when compared to barite at the same weighting concentrations. The higher performance of the hematite-based muds might be attributed to it having higher specific gravity, better particle distribution and lower particle attrition rate and more importantly being free from contaminants. The water-based muds with hematite will therefore be more promising drilling muds with higher drilling and hole cleaning efficiency than those having barite.

scholarly journals Numerical Modeling of Foam Drilling Hydraulics

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozcan Baris ◽  
Luis Ayala ◽  
W. Watson Robert
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Lost Circulation ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
Bit Life ◽  
Foam Drilling

The use of foam as a drilling fluid was developed to meet a special set of conditions under which other common drilling fluids had failed. Foam drilling is defined as the process of making boreholes by utilizing foam as the circulating fluid. When compared with conventional drilling, underbalanced or foam drilling has several advantages. These advantages include: avoidance of lost circulation problems, minimizing damage to pay zones, higher penetration rates and bit life. Foams are usually characterized by the quality, the ratio of the volume of gas, and the total foam volume. Obtaining dependable pressure profiles for aerated (gasified) fluids and foam is more difficult than for single phase fluids, since in the former ones the drilling mud contains a gas phase that is entrained within the fluid system. The primary goal of this study is to expand the knowledge-base of the hydrodynamic phenomena that occur in a foam drilling operation. In order to gain a better understanding of foam drilling operations, a hydrodynamic model is developed and run at different operating conditions. For this purpose, the flow of foam through the drilling system is modeled by invoking the basic principles of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. The model was designed to allow gas and liquid flow at desired volumetric flow rates through the drillstring and annulus. Parametric studies are conducted in order to identify the most influential variables in the hydrodynamic modeling of foam flow. 

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