Material Property Testing for Finite Element Modelling of Coatings

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Boyd ◽  
Erwan Karjadi ◽  
Harm Demmink ◽  
Guido Ridolfi ◽  
Han Keijzers
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Material Property ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Finger Printing ◽  
Materials Used

In 2012 and 2013 Heerema Marine Contractors (HMC) performed full installation testing (bend, roller, tensioner and friction clamp) on pipes with different types of coating ranging from three layer polypropylene to thick insulation coating. The material property data as supplied by the coaters and/or the material suppliers appeared to have insufficient details for HMC to develop a model for the coated pipes. In order to obtain the missing details, HMC undertook a program of material finger printing for all coating materials used in the recent full scale testing in order to establish our own baseline for material properties. The reasons for doing so were; i) the data sheets from different suppliers of similar products were based on different test procedures and the results were not directly comparable, ii) initial testing indicated that the results quoted on the data sheets could not always be achieved by HMC and iii) the data as provided by the suppliers appeared to be not sufficient to be used for material models for finite element analysis. The focus to date has been on polyurethane based insulation materials, both for line pipe coating and for field joint coating, although the plan is to continue with polypropylene based insulation materials. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the setup of the full scale level winder and bend tests, the measurements and observations from the tests, the preliminary finite element analyses of the coating and the findings from the finger printing testing to date.

Numerical Simulations of Full-Scale Corroded Pipe Tests With Combined Loading

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Roy ◽  
S. Grigory ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
M. F. Kanninen ◽  
M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Combined Loading ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Failure Predictions ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

The ANSI/ASME B31G guideline has been useful to pipeline operators in assessing the integrity of corroded line pipe. Because large safety margins have had to be incorporated, the guidelines can be excessively conservative, which in turn can force costly repairs and replacements that may not actually be necessary. On the other hand, because the current guidelines consider only pressure loading and neglect bending and axial compression, they could give nonconservative failure predictions when combined loading exists. Therefore, a study was initiated to develop a theoretically sound methodology for assessing the integrity of corroded line pipe subjected to combined loading. A key step in the successful application of this methodology is the development of a sophisticated three-dimensional finite element procedure that can accurately simulate full-scale pipe tests under conditions of combined loading. This paper describes thirteen full-scale failure tests on artificially corroded pipes subjected to simultaneous internal pressure, bending, and longitudinal compression and presents a detailed account of the finite element analysis procedure that was developed to simulate these tests numerically. Additional finite element analyses that were conducted to investigate the effect of key parameters on failure, and to expand the corroded pipe failure database, are also discussed.

Determination of the Collapse and Propagation Pressure of Ultra-Deepwater Pipelines

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita G. Toscano ◽  
Chris M. Timms ◽  
Eduardo N. Dvorkin ◽  
Duane D. DeGeer
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Test Data ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Analysis Models

In the design of ultra-deepwater steel pipelines, it is important to be able to determine the pipe behaviour while subjected to external pressure and bending. In many cases, the ultra-deepwater lay process, where these high loads exist, governs the structural design of the pipeline. Much work has been performed in this area, and it is generally recognized that there is a lack of test data on full-scale samples of line pipe from which analyses can be accurately benchmarked. This paper presents the results of a nil-scale test program and finite element analyses performed on seamless steel line pipe samples intended for ultra-deepwater applications. The work involved obtaining full-scale test data and further enhancing existing finite element analysis models to accurately predict the collapse and post-collapse response of ultra-deepwater pipelines. The work and results represent a continuing effort aimed at understanding the behaviour of pipes subjected to external pressure and bending, accounting for the numerous variables influencing pipeline collapse, and predicting collapse and post-collapse behaviour with increasing confidence. The test program was performed at C-FER Technologies (C-FER), Canada, with the analyses undertaken by the Center for Industrial Research (CINI), Argentina. The results of this work have demonstrated very good agreement between the finite element predictions and the laboratory observations. This allows increased confidence in using the finite element models to predict collapse and post-collapse behaviour of pipelines subject to external pressure and bending.

scholarly journals Analysis for Wrinkling Behavior of Girth-Welded Line Pipe

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz T. Souza ◽  
David W. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
New Era ◽  
Analytical Tools

The paper presents results for finite element analysis of full-sized girth-welded specimens of line pipe and compares these results with the behavior exhibited by test specimens subjected to constant axial force, internal pressure and monotonically increasing curvatures. Recommendations for the ‘best’ type of analytical finite element model are given. Comparisons between the behavior predicted analytically and the observed behavior of the experimental test specimens are made. The mechanism of wrinkling is explained and the evolution of the deformed configurations for different wrinkling modes is examined. It is concluded that the analytical tools now available are sufficiently reliable to predict the behavior of pipe in a manner that was not previously possible and that this should create a new era for the design and assessment of pipelines if the technology is properly exploited by industry.

Analyses of Full-Scale Tank Car Shell Impact Tests

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. H. Tang ◽  
H. Yu ◽  
J. E. Gordon ◽  
M. Priante ◽  
D. Y. Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Collision Dynamics ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Closed Form Solutions

This paper describes analyses of a railroad tank car impacted at its side by a ram car with a rigid punch. This generalized collision, referred to as a shell impact, is examined using nonlinear (i.e., elastic-plastic) finite element analysis (FEA) and three-dimensional (3-D) collision dynamics modeling. Moreover, the analysis results are compared to full-scale test data to validate the models. Commercial software packages are used to carry out the nonlinear FEA (ABAQUS and LS-DYNA) and the 3-D collision dynamics analysis (ADAMS). Model results from the two finite element codes are compared to verify the analysis methodology. Results from static, nonlinear FEA are compared to closed-form solutions based on rigid-plastic collapse for additional verification of the analysis. Results from dynamic, nonlinear FEA are compared to data obtained from full-scale tests to validate the analysis. The collision dynamics model is calibrated using test data. While the nonlinear FEA requires high computational times, the collision dynamics model calculates gross behavior of the colliding cars in times that are several orders of magnitude less than the FEA models.

Standardization of Flattening Procedure of Transverse to Pipe Axis Strap Tensile Samples

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rashid ◽  
S. Chen ◽  
L. E. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Spring Back ◽  
Pipe Axis ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Tensile testing on large diameter line pipe is generally done using strap samples obtained in the transverse to pipe axis (TPA) orientation of a pipe. The strap samples are then flattened and machined prior to testing. Although the standardized tensile testing is well documented, the variability in the reported TPA tensile properties of the same material tested within a lab or at different labs has always been an issue. Recent work conducted at EVRAZ NA research lab has identified flattening as the main source of the variability in reported yield strength (YS) values for line pipe. The lack of a standard procedure for flattening TPA strap samples is a major obstacle to obtaining consistent results. Therefore, the main objective of this current study was to establish a standardized flattening procedure for TPA strap samples. Both finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental approaches were adopted. Various flattening methods and fixtures were studied. Extensive flattening experiments were conducted on TPA samples from different line pipe products. Results showed that the spring back after flattening in a TPA sample is different for pipes with different gauge and grades. It was established that consistent flattening can be achieved using appropriate fixtures for differerent ranges of tubular products defined by grade, diameter and gauges. Evaluation of the flattening fixture designs and experimental results are discussed in this paper.

Validation of Sleeve Weld Integrity and Workmanship Level Development

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lazor ◽  
Brock Bolton ◽  
Aaron Dinovitzer
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Applied Loading ◽  
Fea Modeling ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Scale Data

Full encirclement repair sleeves with fillet-welded ends are often used as permanent repairs on pipelines to reinforce areas with defects, such as cracks or corrosion. In-service failures have occurred at reinforcing sleeves as a result of defects associated with the sleeve welds, such as hydrogen-induced cracks and undercut at the fillet welds, inadequate weld size, and sleeve longitudinal seam ruptures. This work was undertaken to support the development of tools for sleeve design and for conducting an engineering assessment to determine the tolerable dimensions of flaw indications at full encirclement repair sleeves. In particular, the project was intended to validate the stresses estimated using finite element analysis (FEA) models against actual in-service loading conditions experienced at reinforcing sleeves. The experimental work focused on the collection of full-scale experimental data describing pipe and sleeve strains for the following field and laboratory conditions: • Strains induced by sleeve welding, • Strains induced by pressurization of the sleeved pipe, • Strains induced by pressurization of the sleeved pipe and the annulus between the pipe and sleeve. Finite element models of the field and laboratory sleeved pipe segments were developed and subjected to the same applied loading conditions as the full-scale sleeved pipe segments. Comparisons of the measured strains against those estimated using FEA were completed to determine the ability of the models to predict the behaviour of the sleeved pipe segments. Comparisons were made to illustrate the relative strain levels and deformation trends, the accuracies of the strain predictions and trends in changes with pressure, the differences in behaviours between tight and loose fitting sleeves, and the effects of pressurizing the annulus between the pipe wall and sleeve. The analysis of the field data and FEA modeling predictions led to several conclusions regarding to use of numerical models for predicting sleeved pipe behaviour and weld flaw acceptance: • FEA results demonstrated behaviours that were consistent with full scale data, • Trends in the FEA predicted strains agreed with the full-scale data, • FEA models describing the effects of gaps between the pipe and sleeve and annulus pressurization agreed with field experience and engineering judgment, • Evaluation of the significance of root and toe flaws can be completed by extending the models validated in this work.

Design of the Full Scale Experiments for the Testing of the Tensile Strain Capacity of X52 Pipes With Girth Weld Flaws Under Internal Pressure and Tensile Displacement

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celal Cakiroglu ◽  
Samer Adeeb ◽  
J. J. Roger Cheng ◽  
Millan Sen
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Tensile Strain ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Strain Capacity ◽  
Tensile Strain Capacity

Pipelines can be subjected to significant amounts of tensile forces due to geotechnical movements like slope instabilities and seismic activities as well as due to frost heave and thaw cycles in arctic regions. The tensile strain capacity εtcrit of pipelines is crucial in the prediction of rupture and loss of containment capability in these load cases. Currently the Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems code CSA Z662-11 0 contains equations for the prediction of εtcrit as a function of geometry and material properties of the pipeline. These equations resulted from extensive experimental and numerical studies carried out by Wang et al [2]–[6] using curved wide plate tests on pipes having grades X65 and higher. Verstraete et al 0 conducted curved wide plate tests at the University of Ghent which also resulted in tensile strain capacity prediction methods and girth weld flaw acceptability criteria. These criteria are included in the European Pipeline Research Group (EPRG) Tier 2 guidelines. Furthermore Verstrate et al 0 introduced a pressure correction factor of 0.5 in order to include the effect of internal pressure in the tensile strain capacity predictions in a conservative way. Further research by Wang et al with full scale pipes having an internal pressure factor of 0.72 also showed that εtcrit decreases in the presence of internal pressure [10]–[15]. In their work, Wang et al presented a clear methodology for the design of full scale experiments and numerical simulations to study the effect of internal pressure on the tensile strain capacity of pipes with girth weld flaws [10]–[15]. However, there has been limited testing to enable a precise understanding of the tensile strain capacity of pipes with grades less than X65 as a function of girth weld flaw sizes and the internal pressure. In this paper the experimental setup for the testing of grade X52 full scale specimens with 12″ diameter and ¼″ wall thickness is demonstrated. In the scope of this research 8 full scale specimens will be tested and the results will be used to formulate the tensile strain capacity of X52 pipes under internal pressure. The specimens are designed for the simultaneous application of displacement controlled tensile loading and the internal pressure. Finite element analysis is applied in the optimization process for the sizes of end plates and connection elements. Also the lengths of the full scale specimens are determined based on the results from finite element analysis. The appropriate lengths are chosen in such a way that between the location of the girth weld flaw and the end plates uniform strain zones could be obtained. The internal pressure in these experiments is ranging between pressure values causing 80% SMYS and 30% SMYS hoop stress. The end plates and connection elements of the specimens are designed in such a way that the tensile displacement load is applied with an eccentricity of 10% of the pipe diameter with the purpose of increasing the magnitude of tensile strains at the girth weld flaw location. The results of two full scale experiments of this research program are presented. The structural response from the experiments is compared to the finite element simulation. The remote strain values of the experiment are found to be higher than the εtcrit values predicted by the equations in 0.

scholarly journals Repeatability of Full-Scale Crash Tests and Criteria for Validating Simulation Results

1996 ◽  
Vol 1528 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm H. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Acceleration Time Histories ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Crash Tests

A method of comparing two acceleration time histories to determine whether they describe similar physical events is described. The method can be used to assess the repeatability of full-scale crash tests and it can also be used as a criterion for assessing how well a finite-element analysis of a collision event simulates a corresponding full-scale crash test. The method is used to compare a series of six identical crash tests and then is used to compare several finite-element analyses with full-scale crash test results.

scholarly journals Design and Calibration of a 6-Component Balance on a Bicycle Steer

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Jordi D’hondt ◽  
Sien Dieltiens ◽  
Marc Juwet
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Multiple Loads ◽  
Least Square Regression ◽  
Scale Error

The present article describes the methodology used to design and calibrate a 6-component balance. This balance is utilized in an instrumented bike measuring the forces applied on the handlebars. This instrumentation bike maps all riders induced loads. In the designing process, Finite Element Analysis was used. Calibrating the balance was done using the Least Square Regression Method which allows combining multiple loads during calibration and thus requires less samples. The balance operates with a maximum full scale error of 0.53%.

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