Pipeline Shore Approach Design: Case Study

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Y. McMaster ◽  
Dean R. Campbell ◽  
Eric Jas
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
External Impact ◽  
Offshore Industry ◽  
Design Case Study

An insight is provided into the design of a large diameter high pressure gas pipeline shore approach for an LNG project off the coast of North Western Australia. The shore approach is located in a challenging and congested area, within one of Australia’s busiest ports. In close proximity to the pipeline route are two existing high pressure gas pipelines, several major shipping channels, a large spoil ground and environmentally sensitive coral reefs. Throughout the design process, careful consideration has been given to environmental and heritage constraints. In the case of the pipeline shore approach, prevention of coral mortality due to dredging induced turbidity has been a key priority. Ensuring the preservation of the heritage site adjacent to the landfall site has also been a major consideration. This paper describes the numerous challenges faced in designing the pipeline shore approach. A description of the design processes used to develop the secondary stabilisation and accidental external impact designs is provided. The unique methods employed to install the trunkline system across an operating shipping channel are also described. The information provided in this paper can be applied to the design and development of numerous pipeline shore approaches in the future. Individuals interested in pipeline secondary stabilisation, impact protection, shore crossings and pipelay techniques will also find this paper of value. This paper contributes to the technical knowledge base of the offshore industry by displaying the benefits of effectively combining relevant theoretical approaches with state of the art physical model testing methods and best practice installation techniques. This work demonstrates how innovative design practices can be successfully applied to produce a safe, cost effective and robust pipeline shore approach design in a challenging area.

The Alloy Design and Thermomechanically Controlled Processing (TMCP) of Plate for High Pressure, Large Diameter Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Vol 638-642 ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Isaac Garcia ◽  
K. Cho ◽  
Ming Jian Hua ◽  
Anthony J. DeArdo
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
Alloy Design ◽  
Accelerated Cooling ◽  
Physical Metallurgy ◽  
Controlled Processing

Modern, cost-effective pipelines are moving beyond the API X70-X80 limits of the 1990s. Over the last few years, more interest has been placed on the X100-120 grades because they are potentially more economical to build and operate. To reach the impressive properties required by these new grades, the proper combination of alloy and rolling process design must be implemented, along with highly controlled interrupted accelerated cooling and hot leveling. This paper discusses some of the underlying physical metallurgy that is required and points out areas where further research and development would be useful.

Contaminants in freezing ground and associated ecosystems: key issues at the beginning of the new millennium

Polar Record ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Snape ◽  
Martin J. Riddle ◽  
Dennis M. Filler ◽  
Peter J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Environmental Guidelines ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Portable Instruments ◽  
Monitoring Protocols ◽  
Effective Assessment ◽  
Analytical Tools

The ways by which contaminants in freezing ground disperse and interact with associated ecosystems is a new and challenging field of applied research that is crucial to effective assessment, monitoring, and remediation in cold regions. Three key issues have been identified as needing urgent research and development. The first concerns the development and application of meaningful environmental guidelines for cold regions. This usually means that contaminants in freezing ground per se need to be considered in their broadest context by also addressing associated ecosystems, such as the receiving marine environment. The second issue concerns developing best practice for bioremediation of seasonally frozen soils. Of particular concern are the risks, benefits, and costs of using so-called bioproducts, which may not offer substantial improvements over biostimulation of indigenous cold-adapted organisms. The third issue concerns the need for assessment and monitoring protocols and cost-effective analytical tools. In this respect the potential use of field portable instruments deserves careful consideration and on-site testing. Taken together, development of these issues during the coming years will be crucial if the science behind managing contaminants in freezing ground is to catch up with the knowledge that underpins the remediation industry elsewhere.

Parallel Computing for Tire Simulations

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Surendranath ◽  
M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Parallel Solvers ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Highly Nonlinear

Abstract Over the last few decades, finite element analysis has become an integral part of the overall tire design process. Engineers need to perform a number of different simulations to evaluate new designs and study the effect of proposed design changes. However, tires pose formidable simulation challenges due to the presence of highly nonlinear rubber compounds, embedded reinforcements, complex tread geometries, rolling contact, and large deformations. Accurate simulation requires careful consideration of these factors, resulting in the extensive turnaround time, often times prolonging the design cycle. Therefore, it is extremely critical to explore means to reduce the turnaround time while producing reliable results. Compute clusters have recently become a cost effective means to perform high performance computing (HPC). Distributed memory parallel solvers designed to take advantage of compute clusters have become increasingly popular. In this paper, we examine the use of HPC for various tire simulations and demonstrate how it can significantly reduce simulation turnaround time. Abaqus/Standard is used for routine tire simulations like footprint and steady state rolling. Abaqus/Explicit is used for transient rolling and hydroplaning simulations. The run times and scaling data corresponding to models of various sizes and complexity are presented.

scholarly journals Single-Run Separation and Quantification of 14 Cannabinoids Using Capillary Electrophoresis

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Emil A. Zaripov ◽  
Tiah Lee ◽  
Yuchu Dou ◽  
Cory S. Harris ◽  
Artem Egorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Good Separation ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Quantification of major cannabinoids in cannabis products is normally performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods. We propose a cost-effective alternative method that successfully separates and quantifies 14 cannabinoids in a single run using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with a UV detector in 18 min. The separation is carried out in 60% acetonitrile in the presence of 6.5 mM sodium hydroxide and 25 µM β-cyclodextrin, resulting in good separation of cannabinoids. Our CE method demonstrated the limit of detection between 1.2–1.8 µg/mL, with the linear range reaching up to 50 µg/mL. We validated the method performance by testing a plant extract and quantifying cannabinoid content. This method is the first to separate 14 cannabinoids in one run using a CE system with UV detection.

Chemical Deliquification of Unconventional Gas Wells

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.. Francis-LaCroix ◽  
D.. Seetaram
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Deviation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Offshore Platforms ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Current Production

Abstract Trinidad and Tobago offshore platforms have been producing oil and natural gas for over a century. Current production of over 1500 Bcf of natural gas per year (Administration, 2013) is due to extensive reserves in oil and gas. More than eighteen of these wells are high-producing wells, producing in excess of 150 MMcf per day. Due to their large production rates, these wells utilize unconventionally large tubulars 5- and 7-in. Furthermore, as is inherent with producing gas, there are many challenges with the production. One major challenge occurs when wells become liquid loaded. As gas wells age, they produce more liquids, namely brine and condensate. Depending on flow conditions, the produced liquids can accumulate and induce a hydrostatic head pressure that is too high to be overcome by the flowing gas rates. Applying surfactants that generate foam can facilitate the unloading of these wells and restore gas production. Although the foaming process is very cost effective, its application to high-producing gas wells in Trinidad has always been problematic for the following reasons: Some of these producers are horizontal wells, or wells with large deviation angles.They were completed without pre-installed capillary strings.They are completed with large tubing diameters (5.75 in., 7 in.). Recognizing that the above three factors posed challenges to successful foam applications, major emphasis and research was directed toward this endeavor to realize the buried revenue, i.e., the recovery of the well's potential to produce natural gas. This research can also lead to the application of learnings from the first success to develop treatment for additional wells, which translates to a revenue boost to the client and the Trinidad economy. Successful treatments can also be used as correlations to establish an industry best practice for the treatment of similarly completed wells. This paper will highlight the successes realized from the treatment of three wells. It will also highlight the anomalies encountered during the treatment process, as well as the lessons learned from this treatment.

Study protocol for the Multimodal Approach to Preventing Suicide in Schools (MAPSS) project: A regionally-based trial of an integrated response to suicide risk among secondary school students.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadhbh Josephine Byrne ◽  
Eleanor Bailey ◽  
Michelle Lamblin ◽  
Jane Pirkis ◽  
Cathrine Mihalopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
School Students

Abstract Background Suicide is the leading cause of death among young Australians, accounting for one-third of all deaths in those under 25. Schools are a logical setting for youth suicide prevention activities, with universal, selective and indicated approaches all demonstrating efficacy. Given that international best practice recommends suicide prevention programs combine these approaches, and that to date this has not been done in school settings, this study aims to evaluate a suicide prevention program incorporating universal, selective and indicated components in schools.Methods This study is a trial of a multimodal suicide prevention program for young people. The program involves delivering universal psychoeducation (safeTALK) to all students, screening them for suicide risk, and delivering internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Reframe IT) to those students identified as being at high risk for suicide. The program will be trialled in secondary schools in Melbourne, Australia, and target year 10 students (15 and 16 year-olds). safeTALK and screening will be evaluated using a single group pre-test/post-test case series, and Reframe IT will be evaluated in a Randomised Controlled Trial. The primary outcome is change in suicidal ideation; other outcomes include help-seeking behaviour and intentions, and suicide knowledge and stigma. The program’s cost-effectiveness will also be evaluated.Discussion This study is the first to evaluate a suicide prevention program comprising universal, selective and indicated components in Australian schools. If the program is found to be efficacious and cost-effective, it could be more widely disseminated in schools and may ultimately lead to reduced rates of suicide and suicidal behaviour in school students across the region.

Utilizing Novel Expandable Steel Packers to Overcome Multi-Stage Fracturing Completion Deployment Challenges in Horizontal Gas Wells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebikebena M. Ombe ◽  
Ernesto G. Gomez ◽  
Aldia Syamsudhuha ◽  
Abdullah M. AlKwiter
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Zonal Isolation ◽  
Gas Bearing ◽  
Productive Time

Abstract This paper discusses the successful deployment of Multi-stage Fracturing (MSF) completions, composed of novel expandable steel packers, in high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) horizontal gas wells. The 5-7/8" horizontal sections of these wells were drilled in high pressure, high temperature gas bearing formations. There were also washed-outs & high "dog-legs" along their wellbores, due to constant geo-steering required to keep the laterals within the hydrocarbon bearing zones. These factors introduced challenges to deploying the conventional MSF completion in these laterals. Due to the delicate nature of their packer elastomers and their susceptibility to degradation at high temperature, these conventional MSF completions could not be run in such hostile down-hole conditions without the risk of damage or getting stuck off-bottom. This paper describes the deployment of a novel expandable steel packer MSF completion in these tough down-hole conditions. These expandable steel packers could overcome the challenges mentioned above due to the following unique features: High temperature durability. Enhanced ruggedness which gave them the ability to be rotated & reciprocated during without risk of damage. Reduced packer outer diameter (OD) of 5.500" as compared to the 5.625" OD of conventional elastomer MSF packers. Enhanced flexibility which enabled them to be deployed in wellbores with high dog-leg severity (DLS). With the ability to rotate & reciprocate them while running-in-hole (RIH), coupled with their higher annular clearance & tolerance of high temperature, the expandable steel packers were key to overcoming the risk of damaging or getting stuck with the MSF completion while RIH. Also, due to the higher setting pressure of the expandable steel packers when compared to conventional elastomer packers, there was a reduced risk of prematurely setting the packers if high circulating pressure were encountered during deployment. Another notable advantage of these expandable packers is that they provided an optimization opportunity to reduce the number of packers required in the MSF completion. In a conventional MSF completion, two elastomer packers are usually required to ensure optimum zonal isolation between each MSF stage. However, due to their superior sealing capability, only one expandable steel packer is required to ensure good inter-stage isolation. This greatly reduces the number of packers required in the MSF completion, thereby reducing its stiffness & ultimately reducing the probability of getting stuck while RIH. The results of using these expandable steel packers is the successful deployment of the MSF completions in these harsh down-hole conditions, elimination of non-productive time associated with stuck or damaged MSF completion as well as the safe & cost-effective completion in these critical horizontal gas wells.

scholarly journals Empirically evaluating the impact of adjudicative tribunals in the health sector: context, challenges and opportunities

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-174
Author(s):  
Steven J. Hoffman ◽  
Lorne Sossin
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
System Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
External Impact ◽  
Health System Governance ◽  
Evaluation Matrix ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

AbstractAdjudicative tribunals are an integral part of health system governance, yet their real-world impact remains largely unknown. Most assessments focus on internal accountability and use anecdotal methodologies; few, studies if any, empirically evaluate their external impact and use these data to test effectiveness, track performance, inform service improvements and ultimately strengthen health systems. Given that such assessments would yield important benefits and have been conducted successfully in similar settings (e.g. specialist courts), their absence is likely attributable to complexity in the health system, methodological difficulties and the legal environment within which tribunals operate. We suggest practical steps for potential evaluators to conduct empirical impact evaluations along with an evaluation matrix template featuring possible target outcomes and corresponding surrogate endpoints, performance indicators and empirical methodologies. Several system-level strategies for supporting such assessments have also been suggested for academics, health system institutions, health planners and research funders. Action is necessary to ensure that policymakers do not continue operating without evidence but can rather pursue data-driven strategies that are more likely to achieve their health system goals in a cost-effective way.

A Systematic Planning Tool for Environmental Characterisation

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Wilcox ◽  
Richard Wilkins ◽  
Martin Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Systematic Planning ◽  
Sample Plan

Many organisations are currently dealing with long standing legacy issues in clean up, decommissioning and demolition projects. Industry is required to ensure that all bulk articles, substances and waste arisings are adequately characterised and assigned to the correct disposal routes in compliance with UK legislation and best practice. It is essential that data used to support waste sentencing is of the correct type, quality and quantity, and that it is appropriately assessed in order to support defensible, confident decisions that account for inherent uncertainties. AMEC has adopted the Data Quality Objectives (DQO) based methodology and the software package Visual Sample Plan (VSP) to provide a better, faster, and more cost effective approach to meeting regulatory and client requirements, whilst minimising the time spent gathering data and assessing the information. The DQO methodology is based on a scientific approach that requires clear objectives to be established from the outset of a project and that there is a demonstration of acceptability of the results. Through systematic planning, the team develops acceptance or performance criteria for the quality of the data collected and for the confidence in the final decision. The systematic planning process promotes communication between all departments and individuals involved in the decision-making process thus the planning phase gives an open and unambiguous method to support the decisions and enables the decision-makers (technical authorities on the materials of concern) to document all assumptions. The DQO process allows better planning, control and understanding of all the issues. All types of waste can be sentenced under one controllable system providing a more defensible position. This paper will explain that the DQO process consists of seven main steps that lead to a detailed Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP). The process gives transparency to any assumptions made about the site or material being characterised and identifies individuals involved. The associated calculation effort is reduced using the statistically based sampling models produced with VSP. The first part of this paper explains the DQO based methodology and Visual Sample Plan and the second part shows how the DQO process has been applied in practice.

scholarly journals Improvement of the Impact Properties of Composite Laminates by Means of Nano-Modification of the Matrix—A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Saghafi ◽  
Mohamad Fotouhi ◽  
Giangiacomo Minak
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Compression After Impact ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reviews recent works on the application of nanofibers and nanoparticle reinforcements to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness, to reduce the impact induced damage and to improve the compression after impact performance of fiber reinforced composites with brittle thermosetting resins. The nanofibers have been mainly used as mats embedded between plies of laminated composites, whereas the nanoparticles have been used in 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D dimensional patterns to reinforce the matrix and consequently the composite. The reinforcement mechanisms are presented, and a comparison is done between the different papers in the literature. This review shows that in order to have an efficient reinforcement effect, careful consideration is required in the manufacturing, materials selection and reinforcement content and percentage. The selection of the right parameters can provide a tough and impact resistant composite with cost effective reinforcements.

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