Qualification of Reeled Clad SCR Weld Fatigue Performance

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Wang ◽  
Troy Widener ◽  
Wan Kan ◽  
Jim Sutherland ◽  
Richard Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Acceptable Method ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Alloy ◽  
Welding Procedure ◽  
The Impact

Steel Catenary Risers (SCRs) are commonly used in deepwater field developments due to the cost benefits associated with their relatively simple geometry. Installation of SCRs by reel lay is generally the most cost effective approach. One of the major design challenges for SCRs is ensuring adequate fatigue performance at highly stressed regions. Since many deepwater projects require corrosion resistant alloy materials due to sour service requirements, an attractive option is to use metallurgically bonded clad pipes. However, there are very limited full scale fatigue test data available for clad SCR welds to confirm the technical viability of installing clad SCRs using the reel lay method. Thus, a study program was developed to qualify a suitable welding procedure for clad SCRs and to demonstrate that the required fatigue performance can be achieved using reel lay as the method for installation. This paper presents the testing results from the study program, which included full-scale qualification of clad X-65 pipe with alloy 625 welds having undergone reeling simulations. The results from this qualification program demonstrate that the selected welding procedure achieves high quality clad SCR welds with excellent fatigue performance in the reeled condition. This will enable projects using clad SCRs to consider reel lay as an acceptable method of installation. It will also extend the applicability of clad SCRs installed by the reel lay method to more severe environment conditions. This paper also discusses the impact on fatigue performance resulting from different reeling simulation approaches.

Quantitative Selection of Variation Reduction Plans

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Variation Reduction ◽  
Multiple Quality Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Manufacturing Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Variation ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Quality has been a rallying call in the design and manufacturing world for the last two decades. One way to improve quality is to reduce the impact of manufacturing variation. Variation risk mitigation is challenging especially when a product has multiple quality characteristics and complex production and assembly. It is common wisdom that companies should identify and mitigate the risk associated with variation throughout the design process. As yield problems are identified, they should be mitigated using the most cost effective approach. One approach to variation risk mitigation is variation reduction (VR). VR targets reduction of variation introduced by existing manufacturing processes using tools such as Design of Experiments (DOE) and robust design. Many companies have specialized groups that specialize in these methods. VR teams have the role of improving manufacturing performance; however, these teams are limited in their resources. In addition, no tools exist to quantitatively determine where a VR team’s efforts are most effectively deployed. This paper provides a mathematical and optimization model to best allocate VR resources in a complex product.

scholarly journals Rheometer enabled study of cartilage frequency-dependent properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Perni ◽  
Polina Prokopovich
Keyword(s):  
Applied Load ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Hydraulic Permeability ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Shear Moduli ◽  
Tissue Replacement ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDespite the well-established dependence of cartilage mechanical properties on the frequency of the applied load, most research in the field is carried out in either load-free or constant load conditions because of the complexity of the equipment required for the determination of time-dependent properties. These simpler analyses provide a limited representation of cartilage properties thus greatly reducing the impact of the information gathered hindering the understanding of the mechanisms involved in this tissue replacement, development and pathology. More complex techniques could represent better investigative methods, but their uptake in cartilage research is limited by the highly specialised training required and cost of the equipment. There is, therefore, a clear need for alternative experimental approaches to cartilage testing to be deployed in research and clinical settings using more user-friendly and financial accessible devices. Frequency dependent material properties can be determined through rheometry that is an easy to use requiring a relatively inexpensive device; we present how a commercial rheometer can be adapted to determine the viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage. Frequency-sweep tests were run at various applied normal loads on immature, mature and trypsinased (as model of osteoarthritis) cartilage samples to determine the dynamic shear moduli (G*, G′ G″) of the tissues. Moduli increased with increasing frequency and applied load; mature cartilage had generally the highest moduli and GAG depleted samples the lowest. Hydraulic permeability (KH) was estimated from the rheological data and decreased with applied load; GAG depleted cartilage exhibited higher hydraulic permeability than either immature or mature tissues. The rheometer-based methodology developed was validated by the close comparison of the rheometer-obtained cartilage characteristics (G*, G′, G″, KH) with results obtained with more complex testing techniques available in literature. Rheometry is relatively simpler and does not require highly capital intensive machinery and staff training is more accessible; thus the use of a rheometer would represent a cost-effective approach for the determination of frequency-dependent properties of cartilage for more comprehensive and impactful results for both healthcare professional and R&D.

The Qualification and Continued Evolution of Reeled Steel Catenary Risers

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fin Gray ◽  
Brett Howard ◽  
Alexandra Pieton ◽  
Ramon Gallart
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Mechanized Welding ◽  
Steel Catenary Risers ◽  
Weld Fatigue ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Welding Processes

Technip began qualification of reeled Steel Catenary Risers (SCR) back in 1997. Industry had raised concerns at that time over the plastic straining cycles that are intrinsic to the reel lay method and the impact these could have upon the service fatigue life of the girth welds. The qualification programme, therefore, included comparison of reeled welds against virgin welds for a suite of fatigue and mechanical testing including full scale fatigue and fatigue crack growth tests. Reeling was shown to have no discernable impact for the fatigue performance level sought when a controlled SCR fabrication process was adhered to. This provided sufficient confidence that the technology was fit for purpose and led to successful fabrication and installation of the first reeled SCR in 2001. Since then more than 25 have been installed in the Gulf of Mexico, with most projects including full scale weld fatigue test qualification following reeling simulations. This paper includes the following: (a) a summary of the philosophy adopted for qualification, fabrication and installation of a reeled SCR, (b) presentation of the reeled SCR track record and evolution of the technology to include mechanized welding processes (c) a look at ongoing developments targeting even higher fatigue performance, and (d) discussion on the development of fracture mechanics techniques that provide further confidence in the concept and can be used to derive appropriate weld acceptance criteria.

scholarly journals Developing a national set of health equity indicators using a consensus building process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Wilf-Miron ◽  
Shlomit Avni ◽  
Liora Valinsky ◽  
Vicki Myers ◽  
Arnona Ziv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Acceptable Method ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundConsiderable health disparities documented in Israel between communities, populations and regions, undermine the rights of all citizens to attain the best possible health. The first step towards health equity is to agree on a set of national indicators, reflecting equity in health services provision and health outcomes, and allowing monitoring of the impact of interventions on the reduction of disparities. We sought to describe the process of reaching a consensus on a defined set of national equity indicators. MethodsThe study was conducted between January 2019 and June 2020, in a multistage design: A) Identifying appropriate disparity measures. B) Agreement on the screening criteria and relative weighting. C) Constructing the consultation framework as an on-line, 3-round Delphi technique.ResultsThirty measures of disparity, presented to participants, represented the following domains: Health promotion (11 indicators); acute and chronic morbidity (11), life expectancy and mortality (2), health infrastructures and affordability of care (4); education and employment (2). Three scoring rounds took place between February-May 2020. Of the 77 individuals contacted, 75 (97%) expressed willingness to participate, and 55 (73%) completed all three rounds. The leading ten indicators selected were: Diabetes care, childhood obesity, adult obesity, distribution of healthcare personnel, fatal childhood injuries, smoking, infant mortality, inability to afford care, access to mental health services, and distribution of hospital beds. Agreement among raters, measured as intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.75.ConclusionThe Delphi technique provided a cost–effective, feasible and acceptable method for reaching a consensus with a variety of experts and public representatives. Equity indicators chosen by a broad range of people from different sectors are more likely to be accepted and ultimately implemented. The diverse set of clinical and system indicators should be used to guide governmental decision-making and inter-sectoral strategies, furthering the pursuit of a more equitable healthcare system.

Investigating the effects of COVID-19 to crime rates through a geospatial approach: the case of New York, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Tselka ◽  
Isidora Isis Demertzi ◽  
George P. Petropoulos
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

<p>Covid-19 pandemic has led to severe consequences to humanity worldwide. Yet, to our knowledge, little scientific evidence is available exploring the impact of the pandemic on criminality. Thus, it is imperative to examine their relationships spatially to obtain a better understanding of societal characteristics during the pandemic.</p><p>This study aims at demonstrating the use of geoinformation in analyzing the spatial patterns between crime properties and Covid-19 spread using as a case study New York City, USA, one of the largest metropolitan cities of the world. To address our objectives, geostatistical analysis and data visualization methods have been implemented in real-world crime data acquired from a web-GIS platform. Our analysis concerns two equal time periods before and after the lockdown implementation.</p><p>Results revealed some very interesting patterns spatially between the examined parameters and societal characteristics existing in the study region. The methodological framework presented underlined the added value of geoinformation as a robust and cost-effective approach in examining the impact of the pandemic to the society.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Covid-19, pandemic, crime rates, geoinformation, New York</p>

Integration of NuScale SMR With Desalination Technologies

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Ingersoll ◽  
Z. J. Houghton ◽  
R. Bromm ◽  
C. Desportes
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Electrical Grids ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
New Generation

Nuclear energy plants are attractive energy source for large scale water desalination since the thermal energy produced in a nuclear reactor can provide both electricity and steam to desalt water without the production of greenhouse gases. A particularly attractive option is to couple a desalination plant with the new generation of nuclear plant designs: small modular reactors (SMR). This allows regions with smaller electrical grids and limited infrastructure to add new electrical and water capacity in more appropriate increments and allows countries to consider siting plants at a broader range of distributed locations. The NuScale SMR plant design is especially well suited for the co-generation of electricity and desalted water. The enhanced safety, improved affordability, and deployment flexibilities of the NuScale design provide a cost-effective approach to expanding global desalination capacity. Parametric studies have been performed to evaluate technical options for coupling a NuScale plant to a variety of different desalination technologies. An economic comparison of these options was performed for each of the different desalination technologies coupled to an appropriately sized NuScale plant capable of providing sufficient carbon-free electricity and clean water to support a city of 300,000 people.

CP Ti Fabricated by Low Temperature Extrusion of HDH Powder: Application in Dentistry

2016 ◽  
Vol 704 ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Balog ◽  
Josko Viskic ◽  
Peter Krizik ◽  
Zdravko Schauperl ◽  
Mateja Snajdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Material ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cold Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Metal Ceramic ◽  
Cp Ti ◽  
Iso 14801

Powder metallurgy (PM) commercial purity titanium (CP Ti) was fabricated and studied, with an aim of utilization for dental application. PM CP Ti was manufactured using a cost effective approach, where affordable hydrogenation–dehydrogenation (HDH) process Ti 99.4 wt.% powder was consolidated via the following sequence of PM techniques: cold isostatic pressing, warm vacuum pressing at 420 °C and warm direct extrusion at 500 °C. The paper presents the first studies on processing, microstructure, testing of mechanical properties, fatigue performance and bonding strength with different veneer coatings. By employed consolidation process sound material with low porosity (1.5%) and sustained oxygen content (0.21 wt.%) was attained. The tensile properties obtained for PM CP Ti (UTS = 701 MPa, YS0.2 = 512 MPa, ε = 13 %) were improved over to those for cast / milled CP Ti Grade 4 reference, the material commonly used in dentistry. Tested using the ISO 14801 standard for dental implants, the samples machined from PM CP Ti showed fatigue performance similar to CP Ti Grade 4. PM CP Ti used as a metal base material in restoration metal – ceramic systems showed very good bond strength with three commercially available veneering ceramics and complied with the ISO 9693 standard. Within the limitations of this paper, the preliminary results demonstrated that performance of economic PM CP Ti is equal or superior to CP Ti Grade 4 reference material and it can be used in prosthodontics.

scholarly journals Environmental DNA and metabarcoding for the study of amphibians and reptiles: species distribution, the microbiome, and much more

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gentile Francesco Ficetola ◽  
Raoul Manenti ◽  
Pierre Taberlet
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diet Analysis ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Complexity

Abstract In the last decade, eDNA and metabarcoding have opened new avenues to biodiversity studies; amphibians and reptiles are animals for which these new approaches have allowed great leaps forward. Here we review different approaches through which eDNA can be used to study amphibians, reptiles and many more organisms. eDNA is often used to evaluate the presence of target species in freshwaters; it has been particularly useful to detect invasive alien amphibians and secretive or rare species, but the metabarcoding approach is increasingly used as a cost-effective approach to assess entire communities. There is growing evidence that eDNA can be also useful to study terrestrial organisms, to evaluate the relative abundance of species, and to detect reptiles. Metabarcoding has also revolutionized studies on the microbiome associated to skin and gut, clarifying the complex relationships between pathogens, microbial diversity and environmental variation. We also identify additional aspects that have received limited attention so far, but can greatly benefit from innovative applications of eDNA, such as the study of past biodiversity, diet analysis and the reconstruction of trophic interactions. Despite impressive potential, eDNA and metabarcoding also bear substantial technical and analytical complexity; we identify laboratory and analytical strategies that can improve the robustness of results. Collaboration among field biologists, ecologist, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticians is allowing fast technical and conceptual advances; multidisciplinary studies involving eDNA analyses will greatly improve our understanding of the complex relationships between organisms, and our effectiveness in assessing and preventing the impact of human activities.

Qualification of Mechanically Lined Pipe MLP with High Frequency Welded HFW Host Pipe for Subsea Applications with Reeling Installation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Macdonald ◽  
Javad Safari ◽  
Stuart Anderson
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Subsea Pipeline ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Girth Welding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Known as HFW-MLP, Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) with High Frequency Welded (HFW) host pipes are potentially the most cost-effective bi-metallic pipes for subsea pipelines when corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) are required. However, HFW-MLP has a very limited track record for subsea applications. This paper details a recent programme to qualify MLP with HFW host pipes. The qualification programme has been performed in accordance with DNVGL-ST-F101 (2017) and internal supplementary requirements for reelability and weldability. It considers material testing of HFW-MLP at each manufacturing stage and product qualification including full-scale reeling simulation, anti-corrosion coating simulation and girth welding. Qualification is supplemented with a detailed evaluation of the manufacturing process HFW-MLP is compared to traditional MLP which is supplied with seamless carbon steel as the host pipe or backing steel. This novel product lowers the supply cost, reducing the Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) for subsea pipeline projects. Detailed evaluation of mechanical test results and dimensional inspections using laser profiling assess the impact of the HFW host pipe longitudinal seam weld and conclude that there is no detrimental effect on the performance of the completed MLP. A comprehensive review of full-scale reeling simulations, coating simulations and welding trials is completed, with the conclusion that an HFW host pipe does not adversely affect the ability of the MLP product to be girth welded and to withstand the plastic deformation exerted upon the product during reel-lay installation. It is concluded that HFW-MLP is qualified for subsea pipeline static applications via the reel-lay, S-Lay or J-lay installation methods. The qualification of HFW-MLP provides a more cost-effective solution for the development of corrosive subsea fields by reducing overall product supply and installation costs.

Using a Media Campaign to Increase Engagement With a Mobile-Based Youth Smoking Cessation Program

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1273-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Sanders ◽  
Cendrine Robinson ◽  
Shani C. Taylor ◽  
Samantha D. Post ◽  
Jeffrey Goldfarb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Smoking Cessation Program ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Web Traffic ◽  
Campaign Strategies ◽  
Adolescent Smokers ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: To describe the impact of the National Cancer Institute’s promotion of its youth smoking cessation program, Smokefree Teen (SFT). Design: We provide a description of campaign strategies and outcomes as a means to engage a teen audience in cessation resources using a cost-effective approach. Setting: The campaign occurred nationally, using traditional (TV and radio), online, and social media outreach. Participants: Ads targeted adolescent smokers (aged 14-17). The baseline population was 42 586 and increased to 464 357 during the campaign. Measures: Metrics used to assess outcomes include (1) visits to SFT website from traditional and online ads, (2) cost to get an online ad clicked (cost-per-click), and (3) SmokefreeTXT program enrollments during the 8-week campaign period. Analysis: We conducted a quantitative performance review of all tactics. Results: The SFT campaign achieved an online ad click-through rate of 0.33%, exceeding industry averages of 0.15%. Overall, web traffic to teen.smokefree.gov increased by 980%, and the online cost-per-click for ads, including social media actions, was approximately $1 as compared with $107 for traditional ads. Additionally, the campaign increased the SmokefreeTXT program teen sign-ups by 1334%. Conclusion: The campaign increased engagement with evidence-informed cessation resources for teen smokers. Results show the potential of using multiple, online channels to help increase engagement with core resources.

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