Collapse Testing of Thermally Treated Line Pipe for Ultra-Deepwater Applications

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Ulrich Marewski ◽  
Hans-Georg Hillenbrand ◽  
Bernadette Weber ◽  
Michael Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Ring Expansion ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Mardi Gras ◽  
Thermally Treated

The Mardi Gras Transportation System is an ultra deepwater pipeline system that will support a number of prospects in the Gulf of Mexico, including the Holstein, Mad Dog, Atlantis and Thunder Horse field developments. To support the design of the deepest portions of the Mardi Gras Transportation System, a full-scale collapse test program was performed, and was aimed at measuring, quantifying and documenting the increase in pipe strength and collapse resistance as a result of the thermal induction heat treatment effect (thermal aging) from the pipe coating process. This paper presents a summary of the test program and the results of all testing performed on Europipe pipe samples. Two collapse tests and five pressure + bend tests were performed on as-received and thermally treated pipe specimens. These specimens were API Grade X65 line pipe, with an outer diameter of 28 inches (711 mm) and a wall thickness of 1.5 inches (38 mm). Geometric measurements, material coupon tests, and ring expansion tests were also performed. The coupon tests also included specimens taken from the original plate samples from which the full-scale pipes were manufactured, providing data on the effect of the UOE process on circumferential compressive strength. For the thermally treated pipe specimens, thermal treatment was performed by running the specimens through a pipe coating mill, simulating a fusion bond epoxy coating operation. This process involved preheating specimens to 240°C using induction heating. Subsequent material and full-scale tests on these specimens resulted in an increase of cross-sectional residual stresses by almost threefold, an increase of the circumferential compressive yield strength of the pipe by approximately 23% and an increase of pipe collapse strength by approximately 28%. The results of these tests are also compared to the collapse and collapse + bending equations found in the DNV (DNV OSF101) and API (API RP 1111) offshore pipeline codes, as well as the collapse equations found in API Bul 5C3 for downhole casing applications. In particular, it has been shown that the thermal treatment of the UOE pipe specimens can increase the DNV fabrication factor from 0.85 to 1.0.

TurkStream Collapse Test Program

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Timms ◽  
Doug Swanek ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Arjen Meijer ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

The TurkStream pipeline project is designed to transport approximately 32 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually from Russia to Turkey under the Black Sea, with more than 85% of the deep-water route being deeper than 2000 m. The offshore section is intended to consist of two parallel lines, each approximately 900 km long. The preliminary stages of the front end engineering design (pre-FEED) phase was managed by INTECSEA. To support the analyses and design of the deepest portions, a full scale collapse test program was performed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER). This collapse test program, which included 62 full-scale collapse and pressure+bend tests, 54 medium-scale ring collapse tests, and hundreds of small-scale tests, was primarily aimed at measuring, quantifying and documenting the increase in pipe strength and collapse resistance resulting from the thermal induction heat treatment effect (thermal ageing) that arises during the pipe coating process. Two grades of 32-inch (813 mm) outside diameter (OD) line-pipe, SAWL450 and SAWL485 with wall thicknesses of 39.0 mm or 37.4 mm, respectively, were supplied from various mills for testing. The collapse test program objectives were as follows: • Determine the collapse resistance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Determine the pressure+bend performance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Measure the effect of thermal ageing on material and collapse testing results, including the impact of multiple thermal cycles; and • Evaluate the results of medium-scale ring collapse tests as compared to full-scale tests. This paper presents selected results of this work, along with some comparisons to predictive equations.

Case Study: Mardi Gras Deep Water Transportation System GIS and Underwater Inspections

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Leith McDonald ◽  
Gordon Gin ◽  
Rachel Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Mardi Gras ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Water Pipeline

This paper presents a case study of BP’s Mardi Gras Gulf of Mexico deep water pipeline transportation system. The Mardi Gras Transportation System (MGTS), operated by BP Pipelines, N.A. has set the standard for large diameter, deepwater pipeline design, construction and maintenance. The pipelines range in size from NPS 16 to NPS 30 in water depths up to 7,300 ft. The paper showcases the ArcGIS and PODS relational database management tools and the process of how we implemented programs to track underwater facility features and their displacements caused by the 2005 hurricane season. We will describe the challenges, solutions and new technology used to monitor and maintain the integrity of this pipeline system, even when covered by 5000 feet or more of water. Submarine (ROV) inspection technology, digital video and GPS are the order of the day. We shall demonstrate how GIS can assist in managing and reporting the results of the inspections and setup a database for long term managment of the pipeline system.

Determination of the Collapse and Propagation Pressure of Ultra-Deepwater Pipelines

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita G. Toscano ◽  
Chris M. Timms ◽  
Eduardo N. Dvorkin ◽  
Duane D. DeGeer
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Test Data ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Analysis Models

In the design of ultra-deepwater steel pipelines, it is important to be able to determine the pipe behaviour while subjected to external pressure and bending. In many cases, the ultra-deepwater lay process, where these high loads exist, governs the structural design of the pipeline. Much work has been performed in this area, and it is generally recognized that there is a lack of test data on full-scale samples of line pipe from which analyses can be accurately benchmarked. This paper presents the results of a nil-scale test program and finite element analyses performed on seamless steel line pipe samples intended for ultra-deepwater applications. The work involved obtaining full-scale test data and further enhancing existing finite element analysis models to accurately predict the collapse and post-collapse response of ultra-deepwater pipelines. The work and results represent a continuing effort aimed at understanding the behaviour of pipes subjected to external pressure and bending, accounting for the numerous variables influencing pipeline collapse, and predicting collapse and post-collapse behaviour with increasing confidence. The test program was performed at C-FER Technologies (C-FER), Canada, with the analyses undertaken by the Center for Industrial Research (CINI), Argentina. The results of this work have demonstrated very good agreement between the finite element predictions and the laboratory observations. This allows increased confidence in using the finite element models to predict collapse and post-collapse behaviour of pipelines subject to external pressure and bending.

Pressure Cycling Monitoring Helps Ensure the Integrity of Energy Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Song ◽  
Doug Lawrence ◽  
Sean Keane ◽  
Scott Ironside ◽  
Aaron Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Pressure Cycling ◽  
Pressure Cycle ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Pump Stations

Liquids pipelines undergo pressure cycling as part of normal operations. The source of these fluctuations can be complex, but can include line start-stop during normal pipeline operations, batch pigs by-passing pump stations, product injection or delivery, and unexpected line shut-down events. One of the factors that govern potential growth of flaws by pressure cycle induced fatigue is operational pressure cycles. The severity of these pressure cycles can affect both the need and timing for an integrity assessment. A Pressure Cycling Monitoring (PCM) program was initiated at Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (Enbridge) to monitor the Pressure Cycling Severity (PCS) change with time during line operations. The PCM program has many purposes, but primary focus is to ensure the continued validity of the integrity assessment interval and for early identification of notable changes in operations resulting in fatigue damage. In conducting the PCM program, an estimated fatigue life based on one month or one quarter period of operations is plotted on the PCM graph. The estimated fatigue life is obtained by conducting fatigue analysis using Paris Law equation, a flaw with dimensions proportional to the pipe wall thickness and the outer diameter, and the operating pressure data queried from Enbridge SCADA system. This standardized estimated fatigue life calculation is a measure of the PCS. Trends in PCS overtime can potentially indicate the crack threat susceptibility the integrity assessment interval should be updated. Two examples observed on pipeline segments within Enbridge pipeline system are provided that show the PCS change over time. Conclusions are drawn for the PCM program thereafter.

Fatigue Crack Growth at Electrical Resistance Welding Seam of API 5L X-70 Steel Line Pipe at Varied Orientations

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Taylor ◽  
Sreekanta Das ◽  
Laurie Collins ◽  
Muhammad Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Weld Seam ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Resistance Welding ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Full Scale Testing

Very few studies have been conducted concerning fatigue in steel line pipe and fewer using full-scale testing. Further, at the time of this study, no research on full-scale testing was available in open literature regarding fatigue behavior of line pipe with longitudinal cracks, despite being considered more critical than the line pipe with cracks oriented in the circumferential direction. In the current research work, fatigue crack growth was investigated in NPS 20, API 5L X-70 grade, electrical resistance welding (ERW) straight-seam steel line pipes in the base metal and at the weld seam for various orientations. It was found that there was no significant difference between fatigue crack growth in the base metal and at the weld seam for the tested stress ratio. Increasing the angle of inclination of the crack with respect to the weld line was found to decrease the rate of fatigue crack growth due to a decrease in the mode I stress component. Finally, it was observed that despite the difference in fatigue crack growth rates, the crack aspect ratios were nearly identical for all cracks at the same crack depth.

Study of the Bioactive Behavior of Thermally Treated Modified 58S Bioactive Glass

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ourania Menti Goudouri ◽  
Xanthippi Chatzistavrou ◽  
Eleana Kontonasaki ◽  
Nikolaos Kantiranis ◽  
Lambrini Papadopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Bioactive Glass ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Bioactive Glasses ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Characteristic Temperatures ◽  
Calcium Silicates ◽  
Crystal Phases ◽  
Thermally Treated

Thermal treatment of bioactive glasses can affect their microstructure and thus their bioactivity. The aim of this study was the characterization of the thermally treated sol-gel-derived bioactive glass 58S at characteristic temperatures and the dependence of its bioactive behavior on the specific thermal treatment. The thermal behavior of the bioactive glass was studied by thermal analysis (TG/DTA). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) were used for the characterization of the bioactive glass. The bioactive behavior in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) and FTIR. The major crystal phases after thermal treatment were Calcium Silicates, Wollastonite and Pseudowollastonite, while all thermally treated samples developed apatite after 48 hours in SBF. A slight enhancement of bioactivity was observed for the samples heated at the temperature range 910-970oC.

Girth Weld Strength Matching Effect on Tensile Strain Capacity of Grade X70 High Strain Line Pipe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisakazu Tajika ◽  
Takahiro Sakimoto ◽  
Tsunehisa Handa ◽  
Rinsei Ikeda ◽  
Joe Kondo
Keyword(s):  
High Strain ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Strain Capacity ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Pipe Bending

Recently high grade pipeline project have been planned in hostile environment like landslide in mountain area, liquefaction in reclaimed land or the frost heave in Polar Regions. Geohazards bring large scale ground deformation and effect on the varied pipeline to cause large deformation. Therefore, strain capacity is important for the pipeline and strain based design is also needed to keep gas transportation project in safe. High grade steel pipe for linepipe tends to have higher yield to tensile (Y/T) ratio and it has been investigated that the lower Y/T ratio of the material improves strain capacity in buckling and tensile limit state. In onshore pipeline project, pipe usually transported in 12 or 18m each and jointed in the field. Girth weld (GW) is indispensable so strength matching of girth weld towards pipe body is important. In this study strain capacity of Grade X70 high strain pipes with size of 36″ OD and 23mm WT was investigated with two types of experiments, which are full scale pipe bending tests and curved wide plate tests. The length of the specimen of full scale bending tests were approximately 8m and girth weld was made in the middle of joint length. A fixed internal pressure was applied during the bending test. Actual pipe situation in work was simulated and both circumferential and longitudinal stress occurred in this test. Test pipes were cut and welded, GTAW in first two layer and then finished by GMAW. In one pipe, YS-TS over-matching girth weld (OVM) joint was prepared considering the pipe body grade. For the other pipe, intentionally under-matching girth weld (UDM) joint was prepared. After the girth welding, elliptical EDM notch were installed in the GW HAZ as simulated weld defect. In both pipe bending tests, the buckling occurred in the pipe body at approximately 300mm apart from the GW and after that, deformation concentrated to buckling wrinkle. Test pipe breaking locations were different in the two tests. In OVM, tensile rupture occurred in pipe body on the backside of buckling wrinkle. In UDM, tensile rupture occurred from notch in the HAZ. In CWP test, breaking location was the HAZ notch. There were significant differences in CTOD growth in HAZ notch in these tests.

Effects of Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Pipeline Steels

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hukle ◽  
Brian Newbury ◽  
Dan Lillig ◽  
Jonathan Regina ◽  
Agnes Marie Horn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Uniform Elongation ◽  
Weld Line ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Pipeline Steels ◽  
Reduction Of Area ◽  
Effects Of Aging

The intelligent design of a given pipeline system intended for operation beyond the elastic limit should incorporate specific features into both the base material (line pipe) and girth weld that enable the affected system to deform safely into the plastic regime within the intended strain demand limits. The current paper focuses on the mechanical properties known to influence the strain capacity of the base material (i.e., line pipe steel independent of the girth weld). Line pipe mechanical properties of interest include: longitudinal yield strength, tensile strength, yield to tensile strength ratio, reduction of area, elongation and uniform elongation. Of particular interest (in consideration of the conventional thermally applied corrosion protection coating systems to be employed), are the longitudinal mechanical properties in the “aged” condition. The present study investigates six (6) different pipeline steels encompassing grades X60 (415 MPa) to X100 (690 MPa), and includes both UOE Submerged Arc Welded - Longitudinal (SAW-L) and seamless (SMLS) forming methods.

A Pressure Reduction to Prevent a Time-Delayed Failure in a Damaged Pipeline

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
Brian N. Leis ◽  
Paul Roovers ◽  
Mures Zarèa ◽  
Valerie Linton
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Battelle Memorial Institute ◽  
Pressure Reduction ◽  
Pipe Steels ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Lower Strength ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Delayed Failure ◽  
Strength And Toughness

Abstract A time-delayed failure due to stress-activated creep (cold-creep) is a failure that occurs under a constant load and with no growth due corrosion, fatigue or some other environmentally assisted time-dependent degradation mechanism. A time-delayed failure is prevented by reducing the pressure. ASME B31.4 and B31.8 recommend a 20 percent reduction, to 80 percent of the pressure at the time of damage or discovery. T/PM/P/11 Management Procedure for Inspection, assessment and repair of damaged (non-leaking) steel pipelines, an internal procedure used by National Grid, specifies a 15 percent reduction. The guidance in ASME B31.4 and B31.8, and in T/PM/P/11, is directly or indirectly based on the results of tests on the long term stability of defects conducted by the Battelle Memorial Institute and British Gas Corporation in the 1960s and 70s. The line pipe steels were Grades X52 or X60, and the full-size equivalent Charpy V-notch impact energy (where reported) did not exceed 35 J. The tests indicated that the threshold for a time-delayed failure was approximately 85–95% SAPF (straightaway-pressure-to-failure). The strength and toughness of line pipe steels has significantly increased over the decades due to developments in steel-making and processing. The question then is whether an empirical threshold based on tests on lower strength and lower toughness steels is applicable to higher strength and higher toughness steels. In the Tripartite Project, the Australian Pipelines and Gas Association (APGA), the European Pipeline Research Group (EPRG) and the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) collaborated in conducting full-scale six step-load-hold tests on higher strength and higher toughness steels. Companion papers present the other aspects of this multi-year project. An empirical threshold for a time-delayed failure is estimated using the results of the six step-load-hold tests. That estimate is also informed by the other published small and full-scale tests (on lower strength and lower toughness steels). The Ductile Flaw Growth Model is used to infer the effect of strength and toughness on the threshold for a time-delayed failure. A 15 percent pressure reduction, to 85 percent of the pressure at the time of damage (or of the maximum pressure that has occurred since the time of damage), is considered to be sufficient to prevent a time-delayed failure due to stress-activated creep in lower and higher toughness, in lower and higher strength, and in older and newer line pipe steels.

Full-Scale Reeling Tests of HFI Welded Line Pipe for Offshore Reel-Laying Installation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Christoph Meiwes ◽  
Susanne Höhler ◽  
Marion Erdelen-Peppler ◽  
Holger Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Deformation Capacity ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Tension And Compression

During reel-laying repeated plastic strains are introduced into a pipeline which may affect strength properties and deformation capacity of the line pipe material. Conventionally the effect on the material is simulated by small-scale reeling simulation tests. For these, coupons are extracted from pipes that are loaded in tension and compression and thermally aged, if required. Afterwards, specimens for mechanical testing are machined from these coupons and tested according to the corresponding standards. Today customers often demand additional full-scale reeling simulation tests to assure that the structural pipe behavior meets the strain demands as well. Realistic deformations have to be introduced into a full-size pipe, followed by aging, sampling and mechanical testing comparable to small-scale reeling. In this report the fitness for use of a four-point-bending test rig for full-scale reeling simulation tests is demonstrated. Two high-frequency-induction (HFI) welded pipes of grade X65M (OD = 323.9 mm, WT = 15.9 mm) from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH (MLP) are bent with alternate loading. To investigate the influences of thermal aging from polymer-coating process one test pipe had been heat treated beforehand, in the same manner as if being PE-coated. After the tests mechanical test samples were machined out of the plastically strained pipes. A comparison of results from mechanical testing of material exposed to small- and full-scale reeling simulation is given. The results allow an evaluation of the pipe behavior as regards reeling ability and plastic deformation capacity.

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