Challenges With Applying Axle Counter Technology in the USA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hofbauer
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Signal System ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Train Control ◽  
Signal Systems ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Track Circuits ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
The U.S

There is a growing trend for transit agencies to evolve from wayside and cab-based signal systems to Communication Based Train Control (CBTC). With the complexity of CBTC, a failure of CBTC component could bring a transit system to a standstill. Implementing a secondary signal system can serve to minimize the consequences of a CBTC failure. It is paramount for a transit system to continue to operate, and axle counter technology can be a suitable candidate for use as a secondary signal system. Axle Counter technology has not been widely used in the U.S., but has been used for many years in Europe and the rest of the world. This paper will review and analysis the following: 1. Train Detection Systems; Track circuits vs. axle counters and the basic Principles of Axle Counting; check-in and check-out. 2. Implementing Electromagnetic Compatibility and the EMI standards used in European with previous testing of various axle counter systems, and the frequencies that have been selected, and the proper usage of these frequencies. 3. Testing of radiated emissions using existing guidelines and methods to analyze existing wayside and vehicle Electromagnetic Interferences (EMI), environment conditions, and the limitations of installing axle counters in an existing rail or transit system. 4. Recommendations for improving vehicle and wayside specifications and standards within the U.S. for dealing with installation of axle counter equipment and with failures and EMI emissions between railway devices.

Consequences of Failed Track Circuits on Conventional Signaling System in CBTC Projects

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Diemunsch ◽  
Daniel J. Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Signaling System ◽  
Train Control ◽  
Backup System ◽  
Train Operation ◽  
Track Circuits ◽  
Track Circuit ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multiple Scenarios ◽  
Rapid Mass

In recent years, many rapid mass transit agencies have chosen Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) technology to refurbish their signaling system or to equip a new line. CBTC technology is a type of Automatic Train Control (ATC) that allows transit agencies to increase nominal throughput and to improve safety. The main functions of CBTC are described in [1.] and [2.]. This technology can operate without fixed wayside track detectors such as track circuits. However, track circuit equipment continues to be implemented on the tracks and in the equipment rooms. For authorities under the Federal Railroad Administration, current regulations require use of track circuit but the main functional reason is to have a backup system in case of CBTC failure. Most transit agencies decide to include track circuit occupied and vacant status into the CBTC system in order to enhance safety. How to enhance safety and keep train operation efficient during track circuit failure is a challenge for CBTC projects. This paper discusses the relationship between the CBTC and the conventional interlocking system when track circuit failure occurs. The analysis in this paper applies to both relay and solid state interlocking systems as both technologies have to deal with the same impact under this scenario. The method of detection of track circuit failure by the CBTC system and the possible restrictions on CBTC train operation are not presented. The paper focuses on the interface between the CBTC and the signaling system. It begins by introducing the different types of track circuit failures and their consequences on conventional signaling system to address and compare multiple scenarios. Then, the paper discusses how the CBTC system can affect the conventional signaling system equipment, such as signals and train stops, once it has detected a track circuit failure. Transit agencies’ different possible approaches to manage track circuits failures within the context of an operating CBTC system are explained.

Implementing Optical Speed Measurement (OSMES) for Communications Based Train Control

Joint Rail ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin A. Mortlock ◽  
Geoff Hubbs
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Position Measurement ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Accelerated Program ◽  
Train Control ◽  
Signal Systems ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Conventional Signal

New York City Transit is installing communications-based train control (CBTC) as part of its signal modernization program starting with the Canarsie Line. CBTC requires a higher accuracy of speed and distance measurement than conventional signal systems. An optical speed and position measurement system (OSMES) that is independent of the wheel-rail interface is being used on this project. An accelerated program to develop this system into a production device had to be undertaken as well as solving many application obstacles, including severe clearance and environmental restrictions. Implementing an unproven subsystem on an operating transit system with tight project budget and schedule constraints presents many challenges.

Usacerl's Experiences with Small Wastewater Treatment Plants in the USA

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
E. D. Smith ◽  
R. J. Scholze
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Remote Site ◽  
Corps Of Engineers ◽  
Military Installations ◽  
Recreation Areas ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactors ◽  
The U.S

This paper presents a review of collected experience of one of the U.S. Corps of Engineers research laboratories in the area of small systems for wastewater treatment. Findings and experiences are presented for the use of package plants such as rotating biological contactors (RBCs), and remote site waste treatment at military installations and recreation areas.

Usage, Impacts, and Benefits of Innovative Transit Pass Program

1998 ◽  
Vol 1618 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Meyer ◽  
Edward A. Beimborn
Keyword(s):  
Transit System ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Milwaukee County ◽  
Successful Program ◽  
Pass Program ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
The University

An evaluation of an innovative transit program, UPASS, is summarized. UPASS provides unlimited use of the Milwaukee County Transit System at any time and any place and for any purpose for all students enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The pass program, paid for by a special fee attached to students’ tuition, was implemented in fall 1994 and was extensively evaluated to determine its impact on ridership and other factors and to determine whether the concept has the potential for transfer to other organizations and employers. Benefits and disbenefits to transit users, nonusers, employers, and transit agencies are described. In addition, elements of a successful program are outlined.

scholarly journals Current Nuclear Strategies and Arsenals of the United States of America and the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Adam Potočňák
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The U.S

The article holistically analyses current strategies for the use and development of nuclear forces of the USA and Russia and analytically reflects their mutual doctrinal interactions. It deals with the conditions under which the U.S. and Russia may opt for using their nuclear weapons and reflects also related issues of modernization and development of their actual nuclear forces. The author argues that both superpowers did not manage to abandon the Cold War logic or avoid erroneous, distorted or exaggerated assumptions about the intentions of the other side. The text concludes with a summary of possible changes and adaptations of the American nuclear strategy under the Biden administration as part of the assumed strategy update expected for 2022.

scholarly journals RAND Corporation: Robert Komer activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
Alexander Ivanovich Lyozin
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Defense ◽  
The State ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lyndon Johnson ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Development Support ◽  
The U.S

RAND Corporation is a think tank in the USA. It is a corporation in which experts of different fields of science write analytical works devoted to that or other problem. RAND has strong authority in the USA. Many works on Vietnam were done by the state order of the USA (from the Ministry of Defense), including Robert Komers works (conducted by the request of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency at the U.S. Department of Defense). It is the research of this expert that is discussed in this paper. The paper looks at the biography of Robert Komer in the context from the conflict in Vietnam to cooperation with the RAND Corporation. In Vietnam, on the personal instructions of the US President Lyndon Johnson, Komer was the head of the program of appeasement or officially: the program of Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS). Having completed his activities in Vietnam, Komer shared his experience and knowledge in reports for the RAND Corporation. His works are addressed to the problems of the counterpartisan war. The paper describes the work of Robert Komer in the framework of the RAND Corporation. In conclusion, the relevance is emphasized. Due to the events such as the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, Komers activities in the implementation of the CORDS program in Vietnam have gained increased interest from many modern experts.

scholarly journals THE USA AND JAPAN IN WORLD POLITICS

2013 ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
S. V. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Specific Structure ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Integrative System ◽  
Single Organism ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The U.S

The complexity and importance of the study of the U.S. – Japan relations in world politics requires continuous improvement of scientific methods. However, works which would analyze the U.S. – Japan relations as a single organism are practically nonexistent. The article analyzes the U.S. – Japan relations as a whole integrative system with a specific structure. The institutionalization of the American- Japanese system, its interaction with world politics are considered especially. The author determines structure of the system, detects leading interactions between its elements, examines the integrity of the American-Japanese system, its levels and hierarchy, dynamics of functioning. The study attempts to prove the author’s methodology which considers bilateral U.S. – Japan institutions as the basis of the American – Japanese system. As part of this methodology the conjugation between the system of bilateral American- Japanese institutions and world politics is analyzed. The dependence of the system on world politics and the dependence of world politics on changes in the U.S. – Japan relations are also revealed. As a result of the study an integral picture of the U.S. – Japan relations is demonstrated. The logic and patterns of their development are determined. It is shown that globalization, changes in balance of power, emergence of a vast number of non-state actors on a world stage changed and continue to change U.S. – Japan relations. What is more, the transformation of the U.S. – Japan relations is the transformation of world politics itself.

scholarly journals Causes of The Outbreak of the Eurozone Crises: The Role of the Usa and the European Central Bank Monetary Policy

e-Finanse ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Natalia Białek
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
European Central Bank ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
European Central ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The U.S

Abstract This paper argues that the loose monetary policy of two of the world’s most important financial institutions-the U.S. Federal Reserve Board and the European Central Bank-were ultimately responsible for the outburst of global financial crisis of 2008-09. Unusually low interest rates in 2001- 05 compelled investors to engage in high risk endeavors. It also encouraged some governments to finance excessive domestic consumption with foreign loans. Emerging financial bubbles burst first in mortgage markets in the U.S. and subsequently spread to other countries. The paper also reviews other causes of the crisis as discussed in literature. Some of them relate directly to weaknesses inherent in the institutional design of the European Monetary Union (EMU) while others are unique to members of the EMU. It is rather striking that recommended remedies tend not to take into account the policies of the European Central Bank.

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