A Novel High-Flux Solar Simulator Based on an Array of Xenon Arc Lamps: Optimization of the Ellipsoidal Reflector and Optical Configuration

Solar Energy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo¨rg Petrasch ◽  
Aldo Steinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Transfer Efficiency ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Electrode Gap ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Power Flux ◽  
Radiant Efficiency ◽  
Circular Target

The optical characteristics of a high-flux solar simulator that comprises an array of Xe-arc lamps with ellipsoidal specular reflectors of common focus is examined using the Monte Carlo ray tracing technique. The parameters varied are arc diameter, focal length, eccentricity, truncation diameter, and angular error of specular reflection. The geometrical design of the truncated ellipsoidal reflector is optimized for maximum transfer efficiency, defined as the portion of radiation intercepted by a circular target centered at the common focal point. An array of ten 15 kW Xe-arc lamps of 9 mm electrode gap and 35% electrical-to-radiant efficiency, each closed-coupled with an ellipsoidal reflector of optimum design, should be capable of delivering an average radiative power flux exceeding 5900 kW/m2 over a 6 cm-diameter circular target, with an overall transfer efficiency of 31.9%.

A Novel 50kW 11,000 suns High-Flux Solar Simulator Based on an Array of Xenon Arc Lamps

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Petrasch ◽  
Patrick Coray ◽  
Anton Meier ◽  
Max Brack ◽  
Peter Häberling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Design ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
Solar Systems ◽  
High Temperature Materials ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Thermochemical Processing ◽  
Average Flux ◽  
Circular Target

A novel high-flux solar simulator, capable of delivering over 50kW of radiative power at peak radiative fluxes exceeding 11,000 suns, is operational at the Paul Scherner Institute. It comprises an array of ten Xe arcs, each close-coupled with ellipsoidal specular reflectors of common focus. Its optical design, main engineering features, and operating performance are described. The Monte Carlo ray-tracing technique is applied to optimize the geometrical configuration for maximum source-to-target transfer efficiency of radiative power. Calorimeter measurements indicated an average flux of 6800kW∕m2 over a 60-mm-diameter circular target, which corresponds to stagnation temperatures above 3300K. This research facility simulates the radiation characteristics of highly concentrating solar systems and serves as an experimental platform for investigating the thermochemical processing of solar fuels and for testing advanced high-temperature materials.

scholarly journals Design, Modeling, and Characterization of a 10 kWe Metal Halide High Flux Solar Simulator

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Siegel ◽  
Jeffrey P. Roba
Keyword(s):  
Metal Halide ◽  
Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Normal Vector ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Hardware Cost ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Peak Flux ◽  
Optical Flux

We present the design and characterization of a high flux solar simulator (HFSS) based on metal halide lamps and built from commercially available components. The HFSS that we present was developed to support the evaluation of a solar thermochemical reactor prototype. The HFSS consists of an array of four independent lamp/reflector modules aimed at a common target location. Each module contains one 2500 We lamp and one electroformed ellipsoidal reflector having an interfocal distance of 813 mm. The modules are oriented with an angle relative to the target surface normal vector of 24.5 deg. Design simulations predicted that the peak flux of this HFSS would be 2980 kWth/m2, with a total power delivered to a 6-cm target of 3.3 kWth, for a transfer efficiency of 33.3%. Experimental characterization of the HFSS using optical flux mapping and calorimetry showed that the peak flux at the focal plane reached 2890±170 kWth/m2, while the total power delivered was 3.5±0.21 kWth for a transfer efficiency of 35.3%. The HFSS was built at a material cost of ∼$2700.00/module and a total hardware cost of ∼$11,000.00 for the four-lamp array. A seven-lamp version of this HFSS is predicted to deliver 5.6 kWth to a 6 cm diameter target at a peak flux of 4900 kWth/m2 at a hardware cost of ∼$19,000.00 ($3400.00/kWth delivered, $1100.00/kWe).

Electrostatic optics and aberration correction in the 1940s and today

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Gertrude F. Rempfer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Electron Optics ◽  
Applied Physics ◽  
Electrostatic Lenses ◽  
Commercial Instrument ◽  
The University ◽  
Theory And Experiment

I became involved in electron optics in early 1945, when my husband Robert and I were hired by the Farrand Optical Company. My husband had a mathematics Ph.D.; my degree was in physics. My main responsibilities were connected with the development of an electrostatic electron microscope. Fortunately, my thesis research on thermionic and field emission, in the late 1930s under the direction of Professor Joseph E. Henderson at the University of Washington, provided a foundation for dealing with electron beams, high vacuum, and high voltage.At the Farrand Company my co-workers and I used an electron-optical bench to carry out an extensive series of tests on three-electrode electrostatic lenses, as a function of geometrical and voltage parameters. Our studies enabled us to select optimum designs for the lenses in the electron microscope. We early on discovered that, in general, electron lenses are not “thin” lenses, and that aberrations of focal point and aberrations of focal length are not the same. I found electron optics to be an intriguing blend of theory and experiment. A laboratory version of the electron microscope was built and tested, and a report was given at the December 1947 EMSA meeting. The micrograph in fig. 1 is one of several which were presented at the meeting. This micrograph also appeared on the cover of the January 1949 issue of Journal of Applied Physics. These were exciting times in electron microscopy; it seemed that almost everything that happened was new. Our opportunities to publish were limited to patents because Mr. Farrand envisaged a commercial instrument. Regrettably, a commercial version of our laboratory microscope was not produced.

Design of a New 45 kWe High-Flux Solar Simulator for High-Temperature Solar Thermal and Thermo-Chemical Research

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Krueger ◽  
Jane H. Davidson ◽  
Wojciech Lipin´ski
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
Flux Distribution ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Peak Flux ◽  
The Common

In this paper, we present a systematic procedure to design a solar simulator for high-temperature concentrated solar thermal and thermo-chemical research. The 45 kWe simulator consists of seven identical radiation units of common focus, each comprised of a 6.5 kWe xenon arc lamp close-coupled to a precision reflector in the shape of a truncated ellipsoid. The size and shape of each reflector is optimized by a Monte Carlo ray tracing analysis to achieve multiple design objectives, including high transfer efficiency of radiation from the lamps to the common focal plane and desired flux distribution. Based on the numerical results, the final optimized design will deliver 7.5 kW over a 6-cm diameter circular disc located in the focal plane, with a peak flux approaching 3.7 MW/m2.

scholarly journals Implementation and Optimization of a Dual-confocal Autofocusing System

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3479
Author(s):  
Chia-Ming Jan ◽  
Chien-Sheng Liu ◽  
Jyun-Yi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Systematic Design ◽  
Focal Position ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
Time Position ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Auto Focusing

This paper describes the implementation and optimization of a dual-confocal autofocusing system that can easily describe a real-time position by measuring the response signal (i.e., intensity) of the front and the rear focal points of the system. This is a new and systematic design strategy that would make it possible to use this system for other applications while retrieving their characteristic curves experimentally; there is even a good chance of this technique becoming the gold standard for optimizing these dual-confocal configurations. We adopt two indexes to predict our system performance and discover that the rear focal position and its physical design are major factors. A laboratory-built prototype was constructed and demonstrated to ensure that its optimization was valid. The experimental results showed that a total optical difference from 150 to 400 mm significantly affected the effective volume of our designed autofocusing system. The results also showed that the sensitivity of the dual-confocal autofocusing system is affected more by the position of the rear focal point than the position of the front focal point. The final optimizing setup indicated that the rear focal length and the front focal length should be set at 200 and 100 mm, respectively. In addition, the characteristic curve between the focus error signal and its position could successfully define the exact position by a polynomial equation of the sixth order, meaning that the system can be straightforwardly applied to an accurate micro-optical auto-focusing system.

Design and characterization of a high-flux non-coaxial concentrating solar simulator

2018 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xiao ◽  
Xiudong Wei ◽  
Raúl Navío Gilaber ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Zengyao Li
Keyword(s):  
High Flux ◽  
Solar Simulator

Determination of Geometric Distortions in Automotive Lamps Using Non-Linear Parametric Estimations

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asad A. Usman ◽  
Mohammad Usman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Parametric Estimation ◽  
Geometric Distortions ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Gauss Method ◽  
Reflector Geometry

In automotive lamps, an ideal paraboloid is the reflector shape of choice when lens optics is utilized. However, geometric distortions occur among manufactured automotive lamps. This paper discusses the effects of geometric distortions on spread, packing, and gradient of reflected light from automotive lamps. Relevant legal requirements set by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard on the performance of automotive lamps are also discussed. A new parametric mathematical model is developed to represent the geometry of an ideal lamp reflector. A non-linear parametric estimation problem is formulated using the Box-Kanemasu modification of the Gauss method. An application of methodology is also presented in this paper. The results show significant distortions of paraboloidal reflector with respect to the ideal design-intent reflector geometry. The numerically calculated deviations of focal point, focal length and paraboloidal axis from the ideally designed reflector necessitate improvements in the tooling and the manufacturing process for better dimensional control.

Wave Height Measurements Behind Submerged Lens-Shaped Structures

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Bloxom ◽  
Karl D. von Ellenrieder ◽  
Matthew R. Anderson ◽  
Ryan S. Mieras ◽  
William S. Weidle
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Geometrical Optics ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Wave Amplification ◽  
Strip Theory ◽  
Longitudinal Position

The ability of submerged lens-shaped structures to focus linear surface waves in deep water is explored through a series of experimental tests in a wave making basin. Three lenses were designed using a combination of linear strip theory and a surface wave analogy to geometrical optics. Two of these lenses were designed to focus waves of a single wavelength of 0.482 m (18.97 in.), one with a focal length to lens width ratio (f-number) of 2.0 and the other with an f-number of 0.5. The third lens was designed to function as a compound lens that could focus a range of wavelengths of between 0.39 m (15.37 in.) and 0.694 m (27.32 in.) at an f-number of 2.0. Using resistance wave height gauges, the sensitivity of wave height at the focus to variations in wavelength from between 0.39 m (15.37 in.) to 0.61 m (24.01 in.) was experimentally measured for all three lenses; the sensitivity of wave height at the focus to variations of lens depths of submergence spanning the range of between 0.75 to 1.25 times the design submergence depth was also explored for the two simple lenses. It was found that the linear strip theory and geometrical optics approach predicted the wave amplification to within ten percent at the design wavelengths and depths, but that the longitudinal position of the experimentally observed focal lengths differed substantially from that expected, by as much as a factor of 2.2 for an f-number of 0.5. Additionally, while the theory predicted a single focal point for each lens, multiple focal points were found to exist behind the compound lens.

scholarly journals Investigation of tribo-mechanical properties and structure of specimens obtained by selective laser melting of stainless steel powders

2018 ◽  
Vol 207 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
Leonid Belyaev ◽  
Aleksey Zhdanov ◽  
Valentin Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Radiation Power ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Steel Powder ◽  
Hardness Measurement ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Length Range

The article presents experimental data about the quality parameters of the stainless steel three-dimensional parts obtained by the selective laser sintering procedure. The results of the porosity, tribological properties, tensile test, hardness measurement and density for different values of the focal point position during the engineering process of the three-dimensional parts sintering were given. For parts made from steel powder CL20ES at a laser radiation power of 200 W in a different focal length range, it is demonstrate that the specimens with the highest density and microhardness values are obtained during the synthesis by using a converging laser beam.

scholarly journals Optical Analysis of a Hexagonal 42kWe High-flux Solar Simulator

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 590-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
José Gonzalez-Aguilar ◽  
Carlos Pérez-Rábago ◽  
Hussein Zeaiter ◽  
Manuel Romero
Keyword(s):  
High Flux ◽  
Optical Analysis ◽  
Solar Simulator
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