Generation and Monitoring of Synthetic Crack-Like Features in Pipeline Materials Using Cyclic Pressure Loading

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alexander ◽  
Jon Rickert ◽  
Rhett Dotson ◽  
Felipe Freitas ◽  
Simon Slater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Pressure Loading ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Cyclic Pressure ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
The One

Abstract Crack management has become a major focus for many gas and liquid transmission pipeline operators. Failures associated with crack-like features have been a concern for both pipe operators and regulatory agencies. As a result, pipeline operators are excavating large numbers of features for not only in-line inspection (ILI) validation purposes, but also to make repairs. Additionally, ILI technologies have advanced significantly in recent years and are identifying an increasing number of features with greater levels of accuracy. With increased data generation, operators are faced with an unprecedented amount of information that requires response prioritization. Because of high levels of conservatism associated with today’s assessment methods, pipeline operators are spending a significant amount of capital excavating crack-like features. There is a need for improved assessment methods that integrates testing simulated / synthetic crack-like features. This paper will provide details on a study funded to systematically generate crack-like features in pipeline materials with the application of cyclic internal pressure loading. Synthetic crack-like features were generated in 12.75-inch × 0.250-inch, Grade X42 pipe material using electronic discharge machining (EDM) to form notches. Notch depths were 10% of the nominal wall thickness and ranged from 1-inch to 3-inches in length. The pipe samples were then pressure cycled to achieve microcracking at the base of each notch. Initial stages of the program involved sectioning features to quantify crack growth levels. Once a systematic process for growing cracks from EDM starter notches had been validated, testing involved cyclic pressure fatigue to failure and burst testing. The advantage with the crack generation methodology used in this study was the ability to generate sharp, crack-like features without altering the microstructure of the pipe material in the vicinity of the feature. Programs such as the one presented in this paper are useful for both generating features in pipeline materials and quantifying behavior of pipeline materials subjected to cyclic pressure and burst loading.

scholarly journals Women (and Men) on the Move: Scots in the English North c. 1440

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Large Numbers ◽  
The One

AbstractAlien subsidies suggest that many men and few women immigrated to England between 1440 and 1487. This article examines the one exception to this pattern: the large numbers of Scotswomen assessed as aliens in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Northumberland in 1440. It considers why so many women are found in these particular returns, what we can know about them, and how this knowledge might change our histories of women, labor, and mobility in both Scotland and England.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements Enhanced the Oxidation Resistance of Mo-Si-Based Alloys for High Temperature Application: A Review

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1144
Author(s):  
Laihao Yu ◽  
Yingyi Zhang ◽  
Tao Fu ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Kunkun Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Oxidation Behavior ◽  
Strengthening Mechanism ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The One

Traditional refractory materials such as nickel-based superalloys have been gradually unable to meet the performance requirements of advanced materials. The Mo-Si-based alloy, as a new type of high temperature structural material, has entered the vision of researchers due to its charming high temperature performance characteristics. However, its easy oxidation and even “pesting oxidation” at medium temperatures limit its further applications. In order to solve this problem, researchers have conducted large numbers of experiments and made breakthrough achievements. Based on these research results, the effects of rare earth elements like La, Hf, Ce and Y on the microstructure and oxidation behavior of Mo-Si-based alloys were systematically reviewed in the current work. Meanwhile, this paper also provided an analysis about the strengthening mechanism of rare earth elements on the oxidation behavior for Mo-Si-based alloys after discussing the oxidation process. It is shown that adding rare earth elements, on the one hand, can optimize the microstructure of the alloy, thus promoting the rapid formation of protective SiO2 scale. On the other hand, it can act as a diffusion barrier by producing stable rare earth oxides or additional protective films, which significantly enhances the oxidation resistance of the alloy. Furthermore, the research focus about the oxidation protection of Mo-Si-based alloys in the future was prospected to expand the application field.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Methods to Assess Team Research Consultations

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-58
Author(s):  
Ashlynn Kogut ◽  
Pauline Melgoza
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Team Process ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Technical Paper ◽  
Student Teams ◽  
Project Deliverables ◽  
The One

Abstract Objective – Due to the individualized nature of consultations and institutional constraints, research consultations can be challenging to assess. At Texas A&M University Libraries, subject librarians use research consultations to teach information literacy to upper-division engineering student teams working on a technical paper project. This paper describes an action research project designed to evaluate which assessment method for consultations with student teams would provide the most actionable data about the instruction and the consultation logistics as well as optimize librarian time. Methods – For three semesters, we simultaneously used up to four consultation assessment methods: one-minute papers, team process interviews, retrospective interviews, and questionnaires. We followed the action research cycle to plan the assessments, implement the assessments, reflect on the data collected and our experiences implementing the assessments, and revise the assessments for the next semester. Each assessment method was distributed to students enrolled in an engineering course at a different point in the technical paper project. The one-minute paper was given immediately after the consultation. The team process interviews occurred after project deliverables. The questionnaire was distributed in-person on the last day of class. Focus groups were planned for after the assignment was completed, but low participation meant that instead of focus groups we conducted retrospective interviews. We used three criteria to compare the assessments: information provided related to the effectiveness of the instruction, information provided about the logistics of the consultation, and suitability as an assessment method in our context. After comparing the results of the assessment methods and reflecting on our experiences implementing the assessments, we modified the consultation and the assessment methods for the next semester. Results – Each assessment method had strengths and weaknesses. The one-minute papers provided the best responses about the effectiveness of the instruction when questions were framed positively, but required the most staff buy-in to distribute. The team process interviews were time intensive, but provided an essential understanding of how students think about and prepare for each progress report. Recruiting for and scheduling the focus groups required more time and effort than the data collected about the instruction and logistics warranted. The questionnaire provided student perspectives about their learning after the assignment had been completed, collected feedback about the logistics of the consultations, was easy to modify each semester, and required minimal librarian time. Conclusion – Utilizing multiple assessment methods at the same time allowed us to determine what would work best in our context. The questionnaire, which allowed us to collect data on the instruction and consultation logistics, was the most suitable assessment method for us. The description of our assessment methods and our findings can assist other libraries with planning and implementing consultation assessment.

Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-154
Author(s):  
Alejandro Hoberman ◽  
Ellen R. Wald
Keyword(s):  
Private Practice ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
The One ◽  
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments

Dr Murray correctly points out that the concerns of office-based pediatricians regarding regulations imposed by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) greatly affect the likely implementation of "new laboratory procedures" within the private practice sector. Although these regulatory agencies, on the one hand, intend to assure quality control when evaluating specimens and on the other hand, safety for patients and employees, they are often perceived as obstacles to effective care.

A Critical Analysis of the Limitations and Effects of the Brazilian National Broadband Plan

2013 ◽  
pp. 255-274
Author(s):  
André Lemos ◽  
Francisco Paulo Jamil Almeida Marques
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
Political Effects ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
The One

This chapter examines the limitations and the socio-political effects of the Brazilian National Broadband Plan (PNBL: is its Portuguese acronym). The discussion considers the main transformations witnessed in the telecommunications landscape in Brazil during the second half of the twentieth century. On the one hand, the end of state monopoly of telecommunications services and the provision of such services by the private sector called for greater investments in infrastructure. On the other hand, the Brazilian regulatory agencies have failed to lower prices, promote competition, and spread broadband access to remote and underserved areas. The PNBL was launched in order to deal with these difficulties. The plan, however, has at least three important problems: (1) the low-speed connection offered to users, (2) the unattractive prices, and (3) the lack of reflection on issues such as net neutrality. The text argues that only by taking such issues into consideration will the plan ensure innovation, economic growth, diversity, and freedom of access to information.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of leak hydraulics

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferrante ◽  
C. Massari ◽  
E. Todini ◽  
B. Brunone ◽  
S. Meniconi
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

In recent decades the hydraulics of leaks, i.e. the definition of the relationships linking the hydraulic quantities in pipes with leaks, has received increasing attention. On the one hand, the definition of the relationship between the leak outflow and the relevant parameters – e.g. the leak area and shape, the pressure inside the pipe and outside the leak, and the pipe material – is crucial for pressure control and inverse analysis techniques. On the other hand, if the effect of the leakage on the governing equations is not taken into account, i.e. the loss of the flow axial momentum is not considered, significant errors can be introduced in the simulation of water distribution systems. In this paper, the governing equations for a pipe with a leak are derived. The basic equations, obtained within different approaches, are presented in a consistent formulation and then compared with the results of some experimental tests. The leak jet angle and other major features of the results are analysed. The estimated values of the parameters can be used in the water distribution network models when pipes with a diffuse leakage are considered.

Biotechnology education and societal demands: challenges faced by biotechnology and human resources development

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Pandu Ranga Narasimharao
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
Educational Guidance ◽  
The One

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to highlight the social responsibility of universities and other higher education institutes in meeting the challenges faced by biotechnology and human resource development.Design/methodology/approachThe challenges faced by biotechnology are discussed under three broad heads – exponential growth in biotechnology knowledge, commercialization and industrialization of the biotechnologies, and knowledge integration by various stakeholders of biotechnology.FindingsThe emergence of the knowledge society warrants that universities ensure that overall work of the academy is more relevant to the nation's most pressing civic, social, economic and moral problems and that there is an urgent need to have a fresh look at the approaches followed in biotechnology education and training, particularly with reference to developing countries. It is necessary to see how the different players (industries, university, society, government) concerned with biotechnology can act in unison and in a mutually beneficial way. An integrated approach to the field of biotechnology combining different subject areas is necessary and the courses and approach should reflect this.Originality/valueCareer counselors and those engaged in educational guidance are flooded with inquiries about biotechnology courses and their scope. It is observed, on the one hand, that the biotechnology field is starved of talent and, on the other hand, that there are several universities/colleges, particularly in developing countries, producing large numbers of unemployable graduates. Some serious thinking needs to be done urgently to overcome this problem.

scholarly journals Frugal innovation: doing more with less for more

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2095) ◽  
pp. 20160372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaideep Prabhu
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Frugal Innovation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
The One

The global economy will face significant challenges over the next few decades. On the one hand, it must meet the needs of 7 billion consumers (growing to 9 billion by 2050), including the currently unmet basic needs of large numbers in developing countries in areas such as food, energy, housing and health. On the other hand, it must achieve this growth without exceeding the resources available on the planet or causing environmental devastation. This paper argues that such change is possible through a systemic shift to a frugal economy that involves radical, frugal innovation across sectors. Such a transformation will involve the participation of large and small firms, consumers and governments alike. The paper introduces the notion of frugal innovation—the creation of faster, better and cheaper solutions for more people that employ minimal resources—and discusses strategies and examples of such change already taking place in core sectors like manufacturing, food, automotive and energy in developing and developed economies. It also outlines the role of the interaction between large and small firms as well as between firms and consumers in making change possible, as well as the role of governments in driving change where market mechanisms alone will not suffice. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.

Study of the Sensitivity of the Guanabara Bay PE-3 Pipeline to Geometric Imperfections

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson Carvalho Benjamin ◽  
Joa˜o Nisan Correia Guerreiro ◽  
Rita de Ca´ssia Carvalho Silva ◽  
Abimael Fernando Dourado Loula
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Guanabara Bay ◽  
Pressure Loading ◽  
Geometric Imperfections ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Von Mises Stresses

This paper describes the study performed to investigate the sensitivity of the Guanabara Bay PE-3 pipeline to geometric imperfections. The main results of several FE analyses are presented. It is concluded that the PE-3 zigzag pipeline is geometrically stable when submitted to the maximum pressure loading and maximum temperature loading established in the design. Also it is shown that the von Mises stresses calculated in the analyses were below the yield strength of the pipe material.

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