Overpressure Protections in Liquid Pipeline Hydraulic Design

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan X. L. Zhou ◽  
David Yu ◽  
Victor Cabrejo
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Pipeline Design

Continuous economic development demands safe and efficient means of transporting large quantities of crude oil and other hydrocarbon products over vast extensions of land. Such transportation provides critical links between organizations and companies, permitting goods to flow between their facilities. Operation safety is paramount in transporting petroleum products in the pipeline industry. Safety can affect the performance and economics of pipeline system. Pipeline design codes also evolve as new technologies become available and management principles and practices improve. While effective operation safety requires well-trained operators, adequate operational procedures and compliance with regulatory requirements, the best way to ensure process safety is to implement safety systems during the design stage of pipeline system. Pressure controls and overpressure protection measures are important components of a modern pipeline system. This system is intended to provide reliable control and prevent catastrophic failure of the transport system due to overpressure conditions that can occur under abnormal operating conditions. This paper discusses common pressure surge events, options of overpressure protection strategies in pipeline design and ideas on transient hydraulic analyses for pipeline systems. Different overpressure protection techniques considered herein are based on pressure relief, pressure control systems, equipment operation characteristics, and integrated system wide approach outlining complete pressure control and overpressure protection architecture for pipeline systems. Although the analyses presented in this paper are applicable across a broad range of operating conditions and different pipeline system designs, it is not possible to cover all situations and different pipeline systems have their own unique solutions. As such, sound engineering judgment and engineering principles should always be applied in any engineering design.

Pressure Surge Relief Options in Terminal Design

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan X. L. Zhou ◽  
Victor Cabrejo ◽  
David Yu
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pressure Surge ◽  
Terminal Design ◽  
Abnormal Operating Conditions ◽  
Relief System

Terminals are an integral part of a pipeline system. Typically, petroleum products are transported from an initiating terminal to various delivery terminals along the pipeline. Operation safety is paramount in transporting petroleum products in the pipeline industry. Safety can affect the performance and economics of a pipeline system. While effective operation safety requires well-trained operators, operational procedures, and compliance with regulatory requirements, the best way to ensure operation safety is to implement safety systems during the design stage of the pipeline system. A pressure relief system is an important component of an engineered safety system. This system is intended to prevent catastrophic failure of the transport system due to overpressure conditions that can occur under abnormal operating conditions. This paper discusses pressure surge relief as it applies to the design of pipeline terminals. Different pressure surge relief devices such as pressure relief valves and pressure surge vessels are considered and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The effects of transport rates, piping configurations, and other equipment operation, such as pumps and valves, on pressure surge relief system, are evaluated. One of the primary objectives of this paper is to discuss pressure surge events, device simulations, and key parameters to consider when selecting a pressure surge relief system for a terminal design to ensure that the piping system and hydraulic components remain safe during abnormal operating conditions. Although the analyses presented in this paper are applicable across a broad range of operating conditions and equipment and devices in terminal system designs, it is not possible to cover all situations. As such, sound engineering principles and engineering judgment should always be applied in an engineering design.

scholarly journals A methodology for flexibility analysis of pipeline systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Zahid ◽  
Sohaib Z Khan ◽  
Muhammad A Khan ◽  
Hassan J Bukhari ◽  
Salman Nisar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Flexibility Analysis ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Pipeline Design ◽  
Selection Of

Pipeline systems serve a crucial role in an effective transport of fluids to the designated location for medium to long span of distances. Owing to its paramount economic significance, pipeline design field have undergone extensive development over the past few years for enhancing the optimization and transport efficiency. This research paper attempts to propose a methodology for flexibility analysis of pipeline systems through employing contemporary computational tools and practices. A methodical procedure is developed, which involves modeling of the selected pipeline system in CAESAR II followed by the insertion of pipe supports and restraints. The specific location and selection of the inserted supports is based on the results derived from the displacement, stress, reaction, and nozzle analysis of the concerned pipeline system. Emphasis is laid on the compliance of the design features to the leading code of pipeline transportation systems for liquid and slurries, ASME B31.4. The discussed procedure and approach can be successfully adjusted for the analysis of various other types of pipeline system configuration. In addition to the provision of systematic flow in analysis, the method also improves efficient time-saving practices in the pipeline stress analysis.

scholarly journals Progressive damage to structural elements of pipeline systems and efficiency assessment of protection measures

Dependability ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
I. A. Tararychkin
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Source Node ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Progressive Damage ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Individual Point ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Node Protection

The Aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of transportation node protection on the resilience of pipeline systems to the development of damage by the mechanism of progressive blocking of nodes as well as the efficiency analysis of the employed protection measures. Damage to a point element of a system due to simultaneous transition into the down state of all the pipelines converging into it is called blocking. The process of progressive blocking of a transportation system’s nodes in a random order is considered to be progressive damage of a network structure. Progressive damage is a hazardous emergency development scenario that is associated with the disconnection of first some, then all end product consumers from the source. A system’s ability to resist progressive damage is estimated by the resilience indicator, the average share of the damaged nodes whose blocking in a random order causes the disconnection of all end product consumers from the source. Methods of research. A system’s indicator of resilience to progressive blocking of nodes was defined using computer simulation. The resilience indicator can only be used in comparative analysis of network structure properties if the analyzed systems are comparable. The condition of comparability of systems with protected point elements is the presence of equal numbers of disconnectable consumer nodes and damageable nodes. If the analyzed systems include protective peripheral clusters that represent interconnected sets of point elements, the following must be equal to enable the comparability of such systems: – number of peripheral clusters with two and more consumer nodes on condition of equal number of such nodes within each system; – most probable order of disconnection from the source of both individual consumers and peripheral clusters with equal numbers of end product consumers.Results. A system’s resilience to progressive blocking can be improved by means of managerial and technical measures of transportation node protection. It has been established that the highest efficiency of protection of individual point elements is achieved in case of protection of a consumer node located at the shortest possible distance from the source of the end product. It is demonstrated that the peripheral cluster for protection of a transportation system should be synthesized by including consumers situated at the minimal possible distance from the source node.Conclusions. The development of emergency situations by the mechanism of progressive blocking of nodes is a hazardous scenario of pipeline system damage. The resilience of a network structure to damage can be improved by means of measures of transportation system nodes protection. The highest efficiency of protection of individual point elements is achieved in case of protection of a consumer node located at the shortest possible distance from the source of the end product. The peripheral cluster for protection of a transportation system from progressive damage should be synthesized by including consumers situated at the minimal possible distance from the source node.

scholarly journals Progressive damage to structural elements of pipeline systems and efficiency assessment of protection measures

Dependability ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
I. A. Tararychkin
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Source Node ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Progressive Damage ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Individual Point ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Node Protection

The Aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of transportation node protection on the resilience of pipeline systems to the development of damage by the mechanism of progressive blocking of nodes as well as the efficiency analysis of the employed protection measures. Damage to a point element of a system due to simultaneous transition into the down state of all the pipelines converging into it is called blocking. The process of progressive blocking of a transportation system’s nodes in a random order is considered to be progressive damage of a network structure. Progressive damage is a hazardous emergency development scenario that is associated with the disconnection of first some, then all end product consumers from the source. A system’s ability to resist progressive damage is estimated by the resilience indicator, the average share of the damaged nodes whose blocking in a random order causes the disconnection of all end product consumers from the source. Methods of research. A system’s indicator of resilience to progressive blocking of nodes was defined using computer simulation. The resilience indicator can only be used in comparative analysis of network structure properties if the analyzed systems are comparable. The condition of comparability of systems with protected point elements is the presence of equal numbers of disconnectable consumer nodes and damageable nodes. If the analyzed systems include protective peripheral clusters that represent interconnected sets of point elements, the following must be equal to enable the comparability of such systems: – number of peripheral clusters with two and more consumer nodes on condition of equal number of such nodes within each system; – most probable order of disconnection from the source of both individual consumers and peripheral clusters with equal numbers of end product consumers.Results. A system’s resilience to progressive blocking can be improved by means of managerial and technical measures of transportation node protection. It has been established that the highest efficiency of protection of individual point elements is achieved in case of protection of a consumer node located at the shortest possible distance from the source of the end product. It is demonstrated that the peripheral cluster for protection of a transportation system should be synthesized by including consumers situated at the minimal possible distance from the source node.Conclusions. The development of emergency situations by the mechanism of progressive blocking of nodes is a hazardous scenario of pipeline system damage. The resilience of a network structure to damage can be improved by means of measures of transportation system nodes protection. The highest efficiency of protection of individual point elements is achieved in case of protection of a consumer node located at the shortest possible distance from the source of the end product. The peripheral cluster for protection of a transportation system from progressive damage should be synthesized by including consumers situated at the minimal possible distance from the source node.

Avoidance of Slack Flow in Liquid Pipelines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Te Ma ◽  
Oliver O. Youzwishen ◽  
Michael Hylton
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Hydraulic Analysis ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Pump Stations

There are many existing liquid transmission pipelines that have significant changes in elevation along their route, making them susceptible to operating at “slack flow” conditions. Slack flow occurs in a pipeline when the pipeline pressure falls below the vapor pressure of that liquid (i.e. the pressure head decreases below the elevation at a certain point and causes the gauge pressure at that point to drop below zero atmosphere). Separation of the fluid column occurs, which can result in leak detection system inaccuracy and poor pressure/flow control during pigging operations. The designs of older pipelines typically did not address the slack flow issue. In order to eliminate the occurrence of slack flow, some method of pressure control is necessary, such as the installation of a pressure regulator station (PRS). In this paper a case study is used to demonstrate how a detailed hydraulic analysis was utilized in the design of an effective PRS, to eliminate slack flow. The subject pipeline system was approximately 800 km in length; with six pump stations and one terminal tank farm. One section of the pipeline contained an elevation difference of more than 1000 m (between mountain top and river valley bottom), creating slack flow operating conditions. A decision was made by the pipeline operator to prevent (potential) over pressurization at the lowest point on the pipeline. A secondary goal was to upgrade the leak detection system by eradicating the slack flow operation. Designing and installing a PRS and an over-pressure safety valve station achieved both of these goals. The PRS design, operation philosophy and safety philosophy development utilized information derived from a transient hydraulic simulation of the pipeline, using a hydraulic pipeline simulator (HPS). By using transient hydraulic analysis, an optimized solution to slack flow and over-pressuring on a liquids pipeline with large elevation differences, was achieved. By installing a PRS in an optimized location the pipeline operator has increased the reliability of leak detection and reduced the risks of over-pressuring, in a safe, cost effective manner.

scholarly journals SCADA Designs: The Evolution of the User Interface for the Pipeline Industry

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Present System ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scada Systems ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Pipeline Design

This paper will discuss some of the key features that have been implemented in the user interface component of IPL Energy’s Pipeline Control System (PCS). IPL Energy operates the world’s largest crude oil and liquid pipeline system. In 1968, IPL Energy became one of the first pipeline companies in the world to implement computer based control of its pipeline systems, commonly referred to as SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). Since then, the SCADA system has been continually modified and improved in order to achieve high standards of reliability, safety, and operator functionality. Unlike other SCADA systems, PCS has been developed from the ground up drawing from a wide range of experience and expertise in pipeline design, control, and operation. A brief overview of the past generations of SCADA systems will show how the user interface has evolved into the present system. The focus of the discussion will be on the Line Display, a single screen that can be used to operate a particular pipeline. The Line Display is the main operating screen used to control the pipeline and provides the operator with the current operating conditions, including operating pressures, pump statuses, and important alarms.

Advanced 3-D FEA Modelling for a Modern and Multidisciplinary Pipeline Design Approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Maria Bartolini ◽  
Lorenzo Marchionni ◽  
Maurizio Spinazzè ◽  
Giulio Claudio Vignati ◽  
Luigino Vitali
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Pipeline Design

In the last thirty years the attention of the offshore pipeline industry has been strongly focused on submarine pipelines crossing harsh environments and subject to severe operating conditions of temperature and pressure. Pipeline structural integrity may be threaten by large free-spanning sections between rocky peaks and deep depressions that may be coupled with the pipeline propensity to develop lateral/vertical deflection due to severe service conditions (high pressure/high temperature). For short flowlines, pipeline walking is an additional issue to be verified and faced during design and the application of an integrated approach between flow assurance, installation, geotechnics and pipeline design is a must. All these features characterize new load scenarios for which intervention works are mandatory to control the development of excessive loads and deformations within acceptance criteria. 3-Dimensional Finite Element Models permit to anticipate the pipeline global response under design loads taking into account the expected (during design phase) and/or actual (after measurements of the as-built) 3-Dimensional pipeline configuration. In case that mitigation measures are to be installed along the pipeline route, their effectiveness can be verified and optimized. Potential failure events in the most promising mitigation measure strategy can be investigated and anticipated at design stage. This paper describes the most relevant capability of the pre- and post-processing tools developed in MATLAB environment and based on ABAQUS Finite Element.

scholarly journals Reliability engineering application to pipeline design

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1644-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olanrewaju Ayobami Omoya ◽  
Kassandra A. Papadopoulou ◽  
Eric Lou
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Reliability Engineering ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Pipeline Design

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of reliability engineering to oil and gas (O&G) pipeline systems with the aim of identifying means through which reliability engineering can be used to improve pipeline integrity, specifically with regard to man-made incidents (e.g. material/weld/equipment failure, corrosion, incorrect operation and excavation damages). Design/methodology/approach A literature review was carried out on the application of reliability tools to O&G pipeline systems and four case studies are presented as examples of how reliability engineering can help to improve pipeline integrity. The scope of the paper is narrowed to four stages of the pipeline life cycle; the decommissioning stage is not part of this research. A survey was also carried out using a questionnaire to check the level of application of reliability tools in the O&G industry. Findings Data from survey and literature show that a reliability-centred approach can be applied and will improve pipeline reliability where applied; however, there are several hindrances to the effective application of reliability tools, the current methods are time based and focus mainly on design against failure rather than design for reliability. Research limitations/implications The tools identified do not cover the decommissioning of the pipeline system. Research validation sample size can be broadened to include more pipeline stakeholders/professionals. Pipeline integrity management systems are proprietary information and permission is required from stakeholders to do a detailed practical study. Originality/value This paper proposes the minimum applied reliability tools for application during the design, operation and maintenance phases targeted at the O&G industry. Critically, this paper provides a case for an integrated approach to applying reliability and maintenance tools that are required to reduce pipeline failure incidents in the O&G industry.

scholarly journals Managing energy performance in buildings from design to operation using modelling and calibration

2021 ◽  
pp. 014362442110083
Author(s):  
Nishesh Jain ◽  
Esfand Burman ◽  
Dejan Mumovic ◽  
Mike Davies
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Calibration Protocol ◽  
Covering Design

To manage the concerns regarding the energy performance gap in buildings, a structured and longitudinal performance assessment of buildings, covering design through to operation, is necessary. Modelling can form an integral part of this process by ensuring that a good practice design stage modelling is followed by an ongoing evaluation of operational stage performance using a robust calibration protocol. In this paper, we demonstrate, via a case study of an office building, how a good practice design stage model can be fine-tuned for operational stage using a new framework that helps validate the causes for deviations of actual performance from design intents. This paper maps the modelling based process of tracking building performance from design to operation, identifying the various types of performance gaps. Further, during the operational stage, the framework provides a systematic way to separate the effect of (i) operating conditions that are driven by the building’s actual function and occupancy as compared with the design assumptions, and (ii) the effect of potential technical issues that cause underperformance. As the identification of issues is based on energy modelling, the process requires use of advanced and well-documented simulation tools. The paper concludes with providing an outline of the software platform requirements needed to generate robust design models and their calibration for operational performance assessments. Practical application The paper’s findings are a useful guide for building industry professionals to manage the performance gap with appropriate accuracy through a robust methodology in an easy to use workflow. The methodological framework to analyse building energy performance in-use links best practice design stage modelling guidance with a robust operational stage investigation. It helps designers, contractors, building managers and other stakeholders with an understanding of procedures to follow to undertake an effective measurement and verification exercise.

Mathematical Modeling of Pulsation Dampeners in Fluid Power Systems

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanzhong Duan ◽  
Mutasim E. Gamal
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Method ◽  
Fluid Power ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Hydraulic Circuit ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Fluid Resistance ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Fluid Power Systems

This paper presents a new method for computer-aided modeling and analyzing of pulsation dampeners used in fluid power systems for vibration reduction. The pulsation dampeners are widely used in various fluid power systems to reduce vibration induced by power pumps. The vibration induced by power pumps in fluid systems may be severe enough to cause the damage of components in pipelines if a pulsation dampener is not installed. However, the current methods used in industries for the design and analysis of the dampeners are manually experience-orientated procedures. They are not adaptable to new technologies. The new modeling method will efficiently automate and improve the current modeling and analysis procedure of various pulsation dampeners with a minimum user effort. The proposed method is a result of utilizing the analogy between electrical circuits and hydraulic circuits. In the new method, a spherical pulsation dampener can be equivalent to a lumped hydraulic circuit installed in a distributed fluid pipeline system. The new method has been developed from the authors’ previous work of an impedance-based model in which only the effect of capacitance and inductance was considered without fluid resistance. In reality, the influence of fluid resistance is significant. This paper will take fluid resistance into considerations and form a resistance-impedance-based model.

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