Detection of Trace Hydrocarbons and Toxic Components in the Environment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Knoblach ◽  
Peter W. Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Right Of Way

The risk of hydrocarbon and toxic spills increases with the aging of oil and chemical plant related infrastructure. The need for early detection of hydrocarbon and toxic chemical pollution is paramount, particularly in view of potential environmental damage, cleanup costs, and the loss of public confidence in industry’s ability to quickly respond to leaks. Rigorous right-of-way monitoring, control of third party activities within proximity of pipelines, in conjunction with a robust preventative maintenance program is key to leak prevention. The first line of defense in the event of a leak is early detection and operational response to limit product loss from the pipe. Sophisticated mathematical modeling of flow regimes coupled with multiple pressure sensory relay devices in pipelines has increased the sensitivity of these leak detection technologies. However, despite these technological improvements significant leaks have occurred recently on major pipeline systems with damaging consequences. Operators are challenged to interpret and respond to leak alarms in the absence of corroborating information. Frequent false or ambivalent “indications” can foster complacency, and worse, inaction. The authors contend that reliance on a single technology for detecting leaks is imprudent and unacceptable in certain environments given the consequences of a late response to a loss of product from the line. Leak detection can be significantly enhanced by the application of molecular sensory technology in tandem with real time pipeline monitoring systems. The systems are synergistic and do not compete with each other. This paper describes the development of the LEOS® leak detection system, its application and operational experience in high sensitivity locations. Four distinct applications are described, including: an Arctic subsea pipeline, an arctic above ground pipeline, a river crossing, and a buried onshore pipeline right of way. In the latter, a situation is described where a hydrocarbon leak was discovered on an adjacent third party pipeline not directly monitored by the system.

scholarly journals Physical Basis of Software-Based Leak Detection Methods

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim C. P. Liou
Keyword(s):  
Transient Flow ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
Long Time

There are many causes for a pipeline to leak. Third party punctures usually result in sizable leaks. The onset of such leaks generates a sudden change in the pipeline pressure and flow. Methods exist that rely upon these sudden changes for leak detection. Leaks previously undetected are not detectable by such methods. These pre-existing leaks are usually small in size but can exist for long time. The cumulation of leaked products may pose a greater hazard then the larger and sudden leaks. The operational experience of major pipeline company in the United States has demonstrated that all leak detection methods have their limitations, and that complementary leak detection methods should be used simultaneously (Mears 1993). Hence, we propose a leak detection system that uses, simultaneously, two independent but complementary methodologies: mass balance and transient flow simulations.

High Sensitivity External Leak Detection for Liquid Fuel Pipelines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Parman ◽  
Ken McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Detection System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Distributed Sensor ◽  
Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Pipeline risk mitigation in high consequence areas can be facilitated through the use of a high sensitivity external leak detection (HSELD) system. Such systems have been implemented for both off-site and on-site pipeline applications, including the Longhorn Pipeline (Texas) and the Madrid Barajas International Airport (Spain). We define high-sensitivity external leak detection as a leak detection system that will continuously and automatically detect very small amounts of liquid fuels and is physically independent of pipeline pumping operations. In addition, such systems monitor their own integrity on a continuous basis, without requiring periodic recalibration or operator interaction. The HSELD system we describe incorporates a distributed sensor cable, installed in a slotted PVC conduit which is run in close proximity to the pipeline. Many pipeline leaks start out as very small cracks or holes resulting from corrosion and wear. In their initial stages, such leaks go undetected by standard leak detection methods, but over time large volumes of liquid fuel may leak into the environment. In high consequence areas, such as above aquifers and other environmentally sensitive areas, the leak may go undetected until traces show up in water samples. The critical characteristic of an effective HSELD is its ability to detect and accurately locate very small volumes of liquid fuels, so that these small leaks can be identified, cleaned up and repaired before environmental damage is done.

scholarly journals GLEDS (Gas Leakage Early Detection System) PROTOTYPE FOR EARLY DETECTION OF GAS LEAKS BASED ON MICROCONTROLLER ON MOTOR VEHICLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyudi Biantoro
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Gas Cylinder ◽  
Gas Leak ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
Gas Leaks ◽  
Led Lights

                             Agung Wahyudi Biantoro                       Mechanical Engineering Department,  Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta.                               Jl. Meruya Selatan No. 1, Jakarta Barat.  Email : [email protected] the need for efficient transportation is very important for modern human life. Various types of studies continue to be carried out to support the implementation of the use of Gas Fuel (CNG), to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The use of BBG is considered more efficient and environmentally friendly than using fuel oil (BBM). However, thus, the use of CNG can hurt a negative impact on human safety and even cause considerable losses if it is not used carefully, especially if there is no known leakage from the tube and cause a fire to the vehicle. CNG gas that has a leak does smell so normal leakage is easily detected. However, if the leaky gas seeps into the engine, and the bottom of the bus or under the carpet, it will be difficult to detect. CNG gas is famous for its flammability so that the leakage of CNG equipment is at high risk of fire. Based on this description, the need for an early gas leak detection device using a microcontroller can monitor the presence of gas leaks in vehicles that can be observed directly through the LED screen in the form of a warning that can be placed on the cabin dashboard. From the above problems, the authors are interested in making a study by creating an innovation tool called GLEDS (Gas Leakage Early Detection System) in Microcontroller-Based Motorized Vehicles. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the design of the gas cylinder position in motorized vehicles and design the manufacture and GLEDS tool to detect gas leaks in motorized vehicles. Based on the whole system starting from the design and manufacture of GLEDS tools The conclusion is that the GLEDS gas leak detector can work well, this is indicated by the functioning of the tool when given butane gas. The buzzer sounds, the green LED lights up and displays graphical data on Android. Next, the sensor will detect a leak in the gas cylinder, if near the gas cylinder regulator there is really a butane gas content at a concentration of 280 ppm which then increases to 400 ppm. At a concentration of 300 ppm, the tool works well, with active buzzer alarms and LED lights. This GLEDS tool can be placed in the trunk of a car, close to gas cylinders of LNG four-wheeled motorized vehicles. Keywords: Gas Leak Detection, GLEDS, Arduino Uno, Microcontroller

Acoustic Leak Detection at a Distance: A Key Enabler for Real-Time Pipeline Monitoring With the Internet of Things

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Ocalan ◽  
John P. Edlebeck ◽  
Shane P. Siebenaler
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Buried Pipe ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Right

Real-time leak monitoring of pipelines is a need that is growing with the aging of the assets and the rise of the population living in their close proximity. While traditional deployment of external monitoring solutions on legacy assets may require extensive construction and trenching on the pipeline right-of-way, a new class of self-powered and wirelessly communicating devices provides an intriguing alternative. These devices are installed on the right-of-way with no need for mechanical excavation and allow continuous monitoring of a pipeline over long distances. Their low-power requirement makes it possible to operate the monitoring system continuously on battery power and their wireless communication is established through a self-forming network. These attributes make real-time monitoring possible without requiring any wiring to be deployed on the right-of way. The devices take advantage of the pipe’s characteristics that guide the acoustic waves generated by the leak along the pipeline to detect leaks. These characteristics make the detection possible even from a device that is not in close proximity of the leak. Since device spacing is a key parameter in the cost of monitoring with the leak detection system, it is important to understand the parameters that govern the propagation of leak sound on pipelines. Testing was performed for this purpose to validate the ability of these novel acoustic sensors in an outdoor test facility under a variety of leak conditions. This testing evaluated the propagation of acoustic waves emanating from small leaks on a buried pipe. This was achieved by pressurizing the pipeline to different levels of pressure and inducing leaks through various orifice sizes. The acoustic disturbances induced by these leaks were measured by sensors deployed at various stations on the pipe. The results of this testing demonstrated the ability of such an approach to be used for detecting very small disturbances in soil from an offset position caused by leaking liquids.

A Study of Multi-Method Based Subsea Pipeline Leak Detection System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyao Li ◽  
Tianyu Zhang ◽  
Weidong Ruan ◽  
Yong Bai ◽  
Chuntian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Balance Principle ◽  
Statistical Analysis Method

Pipelines are of most importance to subsea systems. The leakage of pipelines which may be caused by aging or corrosion will lead to serious environmental damage and significant economic losses. In this paper, a submarine pipeline leak detection system is developed to protect environment and also improve the safety of subsea system via quick detection and relatively correct location. The leak detection system includes data acquisition devices, wireless communication devices, the calculation part is also involved, like data processing module, leak detection module, pattern recognition module and positioning module. The corrected flow balance principle and a statistical analysis method, namely Wald’s Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT), are used to decide whether it is leak-free or leak-present. Besides, a pattern recognition system is developed to minimize false alarms. The method of Hydraulic Grade Line was employed to locate the leakage. Our study provides a quick response to leak detection as well as leak location. A quick and convenient method to leak detection and location is provided by this paper.

scholarly journals A Design of an Integrated Cloud-based Intrusion Detection System with Third Party Cloud Service

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-379
Author(s):  
Wisam Elmasry ◽  
Akhan Akbulut ◽  
Abdul Halim Zaim
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Intrusion Detection System ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Cloud Environment ◽  
System Service ◽  
Reporting Service ◽  
Bagging Ensemble

Abstract Although cloud computing is considered the most widespread technology nowadays, it still suffers from many challenges, especially related to its security. Due to the open and distributed nature of the cloud environment, this makes the cloud itself vulnerable to various attacks. In this paper, the design of a novel integrated Cloud-based Intrusion Detection System (CIDS) is proposed to immunise the cloud against any possible attacks. The proposed CIDS consists of five main modules to do the following actions: monitoring the network, capturing the traffic flows, extracting features, analyzing the flows, detecting intrusions, taking a reaction, and logging all activities. Furthermore an enhanced bagging ensemble system of three deep learning models is utilized to predict intrusions effectively. Moreover, a third-party Cloud-based Intrusion Detection System Service (CIDSS) is also exploited to control the proposed CIDS and provide the reporting service. Finally, it has been shown that the proposed approach overcomes all problems associated with attacks on the cloud raised in the literature.

scholarly journals Ganoderma boninense Disease Detection by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Classification: A Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3052
Author(s):  
Mas Ira Syafila Mohd Hilmi Tan ◽  
Mohd Faizal Jamlos ◽  
Ahmad Fairuz Omar ◽  
Fatimah Dzaharudin ◽  
Suramate Chalermwisutkul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Machine Learning Classification ◽  
Detection Techniques

Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) infection reduces the productivity of oil palms and causes a serious threat to the palm oil industry. This catastrophic disease ultimately destroys the basal tissues of oil palm, causing the eventual death of the palm. Early detection of G. boninense is vital since there is no effective treatment to stop the continuing spread of the disease. This review describes past and future prospects of integrated research of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), machine learning classification for predictive analytics and signal processing towards an early G. boninense detection system. This effort could reduce the cost of plantation management and avoid production losses. Remarkably, (i) spectroscopy techniques are more reliable than other detection techniques such as serological, molecular, biomarker-based sensor and imaging techniques in reactions with organic tissues, (ii) the NIR spectrum is more precise and sensitive to particular diseases, including G. boninense, compared to visible light and (iii) hand-held NIRS for in situ measurement is used to explore the efficacy of an early detection system in real time using ML classifier algorithms and a predictive analytics model. The non-destructive, environmentally friendly (no chemicals involved), mobile and sensitive leads the NIRS with ML and predictive analytics as a significant platform towards early detection of G. boninense in the future.

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