Pressure Cycling Process Mapping

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Harron
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Process Mapping ◽  
Process Flow ◽  
Design Standard ◽  
Pressure Cycling ◽  
Cycling Process ◽  
New Development ◽  
Development Pipeline ◽  
Mapping Exercise

Pressure cycling can result in integrity concerns for pipeline operators. Pressure monitoring is commonly used by pipeline operators to assess the effect of pressure cycling on existing assets. For new pipeline assets, however, the evaluation process for potential cycling is less mature. Enbridge Pipelines employs a pressure cycling evaluation process for new pipelines. A process mapping professional was engaged by Enbridge Pipelines to perform a mapping exercise on the existing pressure cycling process. A process flow chart was developed which identified key decision points during the development of a new pipeline. A gap analysis identified areas where process definition or enhancement was required. The newly created process flow was piloted on two development projects for new pipeline assets. After completing the process mapping exercise, a design standard was created. The design standard provides assessment procedures for pressure cycling on a new pipeline design. The timing for executing the process housed in the design standard is critical to ensuring that correct information is available early enough in the process to facilitate key design-related decisions. The process flow in the design standard illustrates the process used to determine and evaluate the anticipated fatigue life of a new development pipeline. In addition, this process flow illustrates the evaluation of mitigation strategies to improve anticipated fatigue life of a new development pipeline. Additionally, key learnings will be highlighted from the development and execution of the pressure cycling process on new development pipeline assets. The paper will address the future implication of the mapping exercise and the relevance of application of process mapping to other areas of Enbridge operations.

Pressure Cycling Monitoring Helps Ensure the Integrity of Energy Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Song ◽  
Doug Lawrence ◽  
Sean Keane ◽  
Scott Ironside ◽  
Aaron Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Pressure Cycling ◽  
Pressure Cycle ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Pump Stations

Liquids pipelines undergo pressure cycling as part of normal operations. The source of these fluctuations can be complex, but can include line start-stop during normal pipeline operations, batch pigs by-passing pump stations, product injection or delivery, and unexpected line shut-down events. One of the factors that govern potential growth of flaws by pressure cycle induced fatigue is operational pressure cycles. The severity of these pressure cycles can affect both the need and timing for an integrity assessment. A Pressure Cycling Monitoring (PCM) program was initiated at Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (Enbridge) to monitor the Pressure Cycling Severity (PCS) change with time during line operations. The PCM program has many purposes, but primary focus is to ensure the continued validity of the integrity assessment interval and for early identification of notable changes in operations resulting in fatigue damage. In conducting the PCM program, an estimated fatigue life based on one month or one quarter period of operations is plotted on the PCM graph. The estimated fatigue life is obtained by conducting fatigue analysis using Paris Law equation, a flaw with dimensions proportional to the pipe wall thickness and the outer diameter, and the operating pressure data queried from Enbridge SCADA system. This standardized estimated fatigue life calculation is a measure of the PCS. Trends in PCS overtime can potentially indicate the crack threat susceptibility the integrity assessment interval should be updated. Two examples observed on pipeline segments within Enbridge pipeline system are provided that show the PCS change over time. Conclusions are drawn for the PCM program thereafter.

scholarly journals Application of Choquet Integral-Fuzzy Measures for Aggregating Customers’ Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Lazim Abdullah ◽  
Noor Azzah Awang ◽  
Mahmod Othman
Keyword(s):  
Shapley Value ◽  
Choquet Integral ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Aggregation Operator ◽  
Interaction Index ◽  
Fuzzy Measures ◽  
The Shapley Value ◽  
New Development ◽  
The Future

Choquet integral is a type of aggregation operator that is commonly used to aggregate the interrelated information. Nowadays, this operator has been successfully embedded with fuzzy measures in solving various evaluation problems. Inspired from this new development, this paper aims to introduce a combined Choquet integral-fuzzy measures (CI-FM) operator that uses the Shapley value standard and interaction index to deal with the interactions between elements of information. The proposed operator takes into account not only the importance of elements or their ordered positions but also the interaction among criteria during the evaluation process. A case of customers’ satisfaction over two fast restaurants in Malaysia is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed aggregation operator. Based on three customers’ satisfaction criteria, restaurant 1 and restaurant 2 received CI-FM scores of 0.711011 and 0.704945, respectively. Interestingly, the criterion “services” constantly received the highest rating across both restaurants. In addition, the proposed aggregation operator successfully identified which restaurant is superior in the eyes of customers. Finally, this study offers some research ideas for the future.

scholarly journals Utilizing Lean Methodology to Optimize Operating Room Efficiency: A Multidisciplinary Process Mapping Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alysha Nensi ◽  
Andrea Simpson ◽  
Sari Kives ◽  
Rebecca Lei ◽  
Jacqueline D’Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Room ◽  
Process Mapping ◽  
Operating Room Efficiency ◽  
Mapping Exercise

NEMO Type Acrylic Plastic Spherical Hull for Manned Operation to 3000 ft Depth

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Stachiw
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Stress Wave ◽  
Cyclic Fatigue ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Pressure Cycling ◽  
Acrylic Plastic ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Spherical Pressure

NEMO Mod 2000 acrylic plastic pressure hull assembly represents the latest addition to the NEMO hull series represented by NEMO Mod 600 and 1000 hull assemblies. The 66 in. OD × 58 in. ID spherical acrylic hull with aluminum hatches has successfully withstood 24 hr long external hydrostatic pressurizations to 450, 900, 1350, and 1800 psi. Pressure cycling and short term destructive testing of 15 in. OD × 13 in. ID scale models has shown that the crackfree fatigue life is in excess of 1000 pressure cycles to 1500 psi and the short term implosion pressure is in the range of 4750–5000 psi. Stress wave emissions have been found to be a good indicator of incipient failure. NEMO Mod 2000 spherical pressure hulls with panoramic visibility are considered to be acceptable for manned submersibles with 3000 ft operational depth capability. The cyclic fatigue life of such hulls is conservatively predicted to be at least 12 × 106 ft hr.

scholarly journals Relación entre la carta del proyecto del PMBOK (PMI) y SQA [The relationship between the Project Charter of PMBOK (PMI) and SQA]

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Eduardo PELÁEZ VALENCIA ◽  
Lorena CARDONA BENJUMEA ◽  
Alonso TORO LAZO
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Software Applications ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
New Development ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Similar Product ◽  
Model Project ◽  
Development And Management

Resumen Desde el proyecto de investigación titulado ‘Propuesta metodológica para estandarizar el proceso de construcción y evaluación del producto software que permita a las pymes Colombianas medir la calidad del software’, se ha logrado la formulación de un modelo para el desarrollo y la gestión de proyectos de software. Para el caso que ocupa este artículo, el modelo (en forma de metodología) propone que la calidad del producto se incrementa si el proceso se inicia con una carta de proyecto (Project Charter) adecuada, precisa, tan amplia como sea posible y tan participativa como lo exijan los actores del proceso –productor, cliente y/o patrocinador, equipo de desarrollo, usuarios finales, etc.-. La ponencia muestra la propuesta para que las MiPymes de la industria del software puedan mejorar la calidad del proceso y del producto. Como resultado, en 2013 se está haciendo validación del modelo mediante el desarrollo de ocho aplicativos software en los diferentes sectores: educación, servicios, industria y comercio. Una vez se terminen estos aplicativos se procederá a comparar la calidad de ellos con producto análogos en su funcionamiento, de tal forma que se pueda concluir sobre la efectividad o no del nuevo modelo de desarrollo. Palabras Clave: Modelo de proceso, Carta del proyecto, Calidad, Software.   Abstract Considering the research project entitled ‘Methodological proposal to standardize the construction and evaluation process for a software product that allows Colombian SMEs measure software quality’, the formulation of a model for the development and management of a software project has been possible. For this specific case, the present paper deals with the model (as a methodology), and suggests that the quality of the product increases if the process begins with a project charter which must be adequate, accurate, as wide as possible and as participatory as required by the actors of the process -producer, customer and/or sponsor, development team, final users, etc.-. The paper presents the proposal for MSMEs software industry to improve the process and the product quality. As a result, in 2013 a validation of the model through the development of eight software applications in different sectors such as education, services, industry and trade is being done. Once these applications are completed, it will be proceeded to compare their quality in performance with a similar product, in such a way that the new development model effectiveness can be concluded or not. Keywords: Process model, Project charter, Quality, Software

Fitness for Service of Dents Associated With Metal Loss due to Corrosion

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Olav Heggen ◽  
Joe Bratton ◽  
David Kemp ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Jason Austin
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Pressure Cycling ◽  
Pressure Cycle

Current federal regulations in the U.S. require excavation of all dents associated with metal loss due to corrosion identified through in line inspection surveys. Once a dent has been found to be associated with metal loss through excavation, there is little guidance to determine the serviceability of the anomaly. Past research has provided methodologies to assess the fatigue life of plain dents, considering the shape of the dent, but there are no widely accepted assessment methodologies to predict the effect of associated metal loss due to corrosion on the fatigue life of dents. This paper focuses on the fitness for service of dents associated with metal loss, particularly corrosion in dents. Currently, fitness for service assessments of plain dents provide an estimated remaining life of a dent based on the geometry of the dent and current pressure cycling of the pipeline. Dynamic pressure cycling at each dent location is estimated using the upstream and downstream pressure cycle data, elevation, and distance along the pipe. The dynamic pressure cycle data at each dent is then converted into equivalent stress cycles based on the results of rainflow cycle counting. Finite element analysis (FEA) of a dent without metal loss and with metal loss is performed to compare the maximum stress concentration areas. The FEA program Abaqus is used with solid elements to model the dents. The differences between maximum stress concentration areas is compared for a matrix of extent of metal loss, and orientation of metal loss to analyze the general effect of metal loss and the interaction of metal loss in a dent. The stress concentration areas of dents without metal loss and with metal loss are then applied to current fatigue assessment methodologies provided in API 579 to analyze the effect of metal loss on the fatigue life of dents.

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