Elements of an Engineering-Based Integrity Management Program

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Scrivner ◽  
Chris Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Hazardous Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Integrity Management

Establishing pipeline integrity requires an understanding of the specific threats, their relationship to the overall condition of the pipeline, and the mitigating measures required to assure safe operation. In the past, the pipeline industry relied on years of research and experience to develop a set of tools to analyze these threats and apply conservative solutions to ensure pipeline integrity. With the implementation of the Integrity Management Program (IMP) in 2004 by the Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA), pipeline integrity must be addressed by operators where the analysis methods and results must be documented and defendable. This paper presents a detailed discussion of how existing knowledge, advances in analytical techniques, experimental methods, and engineering rigor are combined to develop field-friendly tools to characterize and ensure pipeline integrity. Two case studies are included, the first, to demonstrate how the proposed method was used to assess the integrity of a corroded elbow, the second, provides the reader with an example of how to develop a tool for evaluating the severity of dents in pipelines using available public-domain research. It is the hope of the authors that the approach presented in this paper will foster further developments and advanced pipeline integrity management.

Developing an Engineering Based Integrity Management Program for Piping, Pipelines, and Plant Equipment

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alexander ◽  
Julian Bedoya
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
The Past ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Plant Equipment

Establishing integrity for piping and pipelines requires an understanding of the specific threats, their relationship to the overall condition of the system, and the mitigating measures required to assure safe operation. In the past, industry has relied on years of research and experience to develop a set of tools to analyze these threats and apply conservative solutions to ensure integrity and fitness for service. An effective integrity management program as discussed in this paper, known as the Engineering Based Integrity Management Program (EB-IMP), provides operators with a resource for integrating inspection results, analysis, and testing to qualify the components within a pressurized system. This paper presents a detailed discussion on how experience, advances in analytical techniques, experimental methods, and engineering rigor are combined to develop a tool to characterize and ensure system integrity. Several case studies are included to demonstrate how the EB-IMP method was used to evaluate the integrity of a piping system, as well as rail gondola cars used to transport coal. The intent with the approach presented in this paper is to foster further developments for advanced integrity management efforts.

Corrosion Monitoring as an Integral Component of an Effective Corrosion Management Program

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen N. Bich ◽  
Eric Kubian
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Device ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Monitoring Plan ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Corrosion Mechanisms

An effective pipeline integrity management program requires four components: a comprehensive understanding of corrosion mechanisms taking place in the pipeline, an effective corrosion mitigation plan responsive to the expected mechanisms, a monitoring plan to provide feedback to the corrosion mitigation plan and a selective inspection plan to validate the corrosion mechanisms and mitigation effectiveness and to confirm the pressure-containment capability of the pipeline. This paper describes several case studies where the use of a suitable corrosion monitoring device has led to an early warning of the lack of performance of the mitigation measures which, if left unchecked, could result in more severe corrosion and eventually, failure.

IMP 2.0: The Evolution of PHMSA’s Approach for Improving Pipeline Integrity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Wiese ◽  
Linda Daugherty
Keyword(s):  
Management Program ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Hazardous Material ◽  
The Future ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Pipeline Safety

This paper discusses the original motivations and objectives of the Integrity Management Program (IMP), the lessons learned from the first decade of implementing IMP, the drivers for improving and expanding IMP (“IMP 2.0”), actions that the Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) is already taking under the IMP 2.0 umbrella, as well as the future direction the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) expects IMP 2.0 to take in the next few years.

The Role of Effective Collaboration in the Advancement of EMAT Inline Inspection Technology for Pipeline Integrity Management: A Case Study

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Sutherland ◽  
Stephan Tappert ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
Karlheinz Kashammer ◽  
Jim Marr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Effective Collaboration ◽  
Major Pipeline

Over the past three years there has been increasing industry interest and profile regarding the role and pipeline integrity management potential of EMAT crack inspection technology in the Oil & Gas pipeline industry. This paper outlines the stages and results of the effective collaboration of a major pipeline operator and a service company to advance the true predictive performance of the EMATScan Gen III crack inspection technology. The paper will also summarize and provide examples of lessons-learned from this collaboration across all stages of EMAT based SCC integrity management program. The paper will similarly outline ongoing work in progress regarding the assessment of the ILI data relative to hydro-testing equivalency, detection of injurious defects and the related analysis and reporting improvements made over the past three years.

In-Service Dent Management From an Operator’s Perspective

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Adams ◽  
Joe Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Stress Concentrators ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
The Past ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Integrity Management

Pipeline dents are common occurrences that have a potential integrity threat to the system. Dents are typically found through in-line inspections, and historically, low-resolution in-line inspection geometry tools were used to find the locations of dents. These tools gave little information about shape, orientation or other dent features. Newer ‘high-resolution’ tools give a much clearer picture of the dent shape, location, orientation and location of welds. This information has been previously unavailable and has enabled dent integrity assessment with much greater accuracy and confidence. However this still leaves the question of how to best address the information from older, low-resolution inspection tools. In the past, CSA Z662 required that all dents with a deflection greater than 6% or that contained stress concentrators, including welds, had to be repaired. In the newly published 2003 edition of CSA Z662, dents can be assessed by an engineering assessment to determine their acceptability. Historical evidence has shown that dents less than 6% can also be subject to failure under certain conditions, and is indicated in the notes of CSA Z662-03 10.8.2.4.2. Dents that contain stress concentrators, including corrosion, welds and cracks must be given special consideration, however often little information is available for the dent from solely a geometry tool. TransCanada PipeLines Limited has been involved in the development of a dent assessment methodology for several years. Based on the 2003 revisions to CSA Z662, TransCanada has started to implement a dent integrity management program. This paper discusses the approach taken by TransCanada: to create a database of dent features, classification of dents, finite element analysis (FEA) to determine cyclic stress spectra, fatigue analysis, validation through dig programs, and the management of these features from a system integrity standpoint.

Advanced Ultrasonic In-Line Inspection for the Assessment of Pipelines Affected by Pitting and Pinhole Corrosion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Willems
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oil Transportation ◽  
Ultrasonic Technology ◽  
Catastrophic Failures ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Pipeline Failures

The network of pipelines worldwide is growing and aging which leads to an ever increasing focus towards integrity management of these pipelines. One major challenge faced by today’s operators is the realization and management of corrosion of pipelines. Unless detected, sized and documented correctly corrosion does pose as a major time-dependent threat to the aging pipeline network which eventually, if undetected and uncontrolled, can lead to catastrophic failures. Inline inspection (ILI) by means of intelligent pigs is widely used to ensure a safe operation of pipelines. Ultrasonic technology (UT) is currently the most accurate and reliable inline inspection technology available in the market. Highly specialized UT ILI tools can detect and size pipeline threats related to corrosion or cracking. High resolution tools as available today allow for the reliable inspection of tiny corrosion defects such as pittings or even pinholes. These small but often deep anomalies are severe forms of corrosion known to have caused pipeline failures in the past. The economic environment for oil companies has changed significantly in the last few years where reduced prices and margins for oil transportation and production challenge pipeline operators globally. At these tight margins, operators must scrutinize closely the indirect costs of performing inspections. Any constraints imposed by required inspections have the potential to negatively affect margin, including the reduction of pipeline flow rates to accommodate optimum inline inspection conditions. The latest generation of UT tools offer higher inspection speeds which overcome the need for flow reduction, therefore reducing transportation losses due to the reduction of throughput. In addition, there is also a need for enhanced axial and circumferential resolution to enable reliable detection and sizing of e. g. pinhole corrosion defects. Without the necessary measuring resolution these defects otherwise might go undetected and un-accounted for. In this contribution, the latest improvements of ultrasonic ILI are described and illustrated by inspection results.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Contamination Troubleshooting Approach from Problem to Solution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor K. F. Chia ◽  
Hugh E. Gotts ◽  
Fuhe Li ◽  
Mark Camenzind
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Contamination Source ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

Abstract Semiconductor devices are sensitive to contamination that can cause product defects and product rejects. There are many possible types and sources of contamination. Root cause resolution of the contamination source can improve yield. The purpose of contamination troubleshooting is to identify and eliminate major yield limiters. This requires the use of a variety of analytical techniques[1]. Most important, it requires an understanding of the principle of contamination troubleshooting and general knowledge of analytical tests. This paper describes a contamination troubleshooting approach with case studies as examples of its application.

Trail-Blazer Dependency – A Roadmap for the Sustainability Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-337
Author(s):  
Jan Kunnas
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Major Benefit ◽  
Quality Movement

While geologists are still considering whether the Anthropocene should be accepted as a formal geological epoch, it is up to us humanists to search for ways making this human era a good one. In this article, I will examine how we can use historical research to provide such tracks based on past regularities or similarities. Positive success stories from the past can at least provide faith that we can do something about our current environmental problems. This investigation is based on two case studies: the Tesla Model S electric car, and the Swedish pulp and paper industry's transition to chlorine-free bleaching. It argues that the sustainability revolution doesn't just share similarities with the quality movement of the 1970s and 1980s, but is essentially a continuation of it. In concordance with previous megatrends, the major benefit of the sustainability revolution will be reaped by countries and companies running ahead of the curve. A new term, 'trail-blazer dependency' is introduced; by setting an example, the first-movers are opening a trail for late-comers to follow.

Comparison and Analysis of Computational Methods for Identifying N6 - methyladenosine Sites in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengmian Feng ◽  
Lijing Feng ◽  
Chaohui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Background and Purpose: N 6 -methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in a broad set of biological processes. Knowledge about the precise location of m6A site in the transcriptome is vital for deciphering its biological functions. Although experimental techniques have made substantial contributions to identify m6A, they are still labor intensive and time consuming. As good complements to experimental methods, in the past few years, a series of computational approaches have been proposed to identify m6A sites. Methods: In order to facilitate researchers to select appropriate methods for identifying m6A sites, it is necessary to give a comprehensive review and comparison on existing methods. Results: Since researches on m6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are relatively clear, in this review, we summarized recent progresses on computational prediction of m6A sites in S. cerevisiae and assessed the performance of existing computational methods. Finally, future directions of computationally identifying m6A sites were presented. Conclusion: Taken together, we anticipate that this review will provide important guides for computational analysis of m 6A modifications.

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