Pipeline Integrity Management at Kuwait Oil Company

Author(s):  
Todd R. Porter ◽  
Emad Al-Nasser

Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) operates large pipelines system in the State of Kuwait. This pipeline system is comprised of a complex network of high pressure gas, low pressure gas, fuel gas, condensate, crude subsystems as well as water pipelines. A Total Pipeline Integrity Management System (TPIMS) project was initiated in early 2005 to provide KOC with a complete system baseline, integrity management plan and system, and assessments. Periodic re-assessments will be conducted throughout the project life cycle to manage priorities and optimize integrity, repair and maintenance operations. The primary integrity threat of the pipeline system is Internal and External Corrosion, with secondary threats of mechanical damage and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) to be considered as well. This case study will present the design, implementation and execution of a comprehensive approach to pipeline integrity management. Aspects of data management / analysis, integrity (ILI, DA) and risk analysis will be discussed. Kuwait has undergone significant reconstruction since the liberation from Iraqi invasion in 1991 and with mandates to increase production and throughput, system reliability and up-time is essential. KOC is well advanced in the implementation of a TPIMS, a model for the region and worldwide.

Author(s):  
David J. Warman ◽  
Dennis Johnston ◽  
John D. Mackenzie ◽  
Steve Rapp ◽  
Bob Travers

This paper describes an approach used by Duke Energy Gas Transmission (DEGT) to manage dents and mechanical damage as part of its overall Integrity Management Plan (IMP). The approach provides guidance in the process for evaluating deformation anomalies that are detected by high resolution magnetic flux leakage (HR-MFL) and multi-channel geometry in-line inspection tools, the process to determine which deformations will be selected for excavation, the process to conduct pipeline field excavations, assessments, and repairs for pipeline integrity purposes. This approach was developed, tested and fully implemented during pipeline integrity work over a two year program involving over 1,100 miles of HR-MFL and 900 miles of geometry in-line inspection. Integration of data from high resolution ILI tools (HR-MFL and multi-channel deformation tools) was used to identify and characterize dents and mechanical damage in the pipeline system. From subsequent field assessments and correlation with ILI results, the processes were refined and field procedures developed. The new guidance provided in the 2003 edition of ASME B31.8 was used as the governing assessment criteria.


Author(s):  
Miaad Safari ◽  
David Shaw

Abstract As integrity programs mature over the life of a pipeline, an increasing number of data points are collected from second, third, or further condition monitoring cycles. Types of data include Inline Inspection (ILI) or External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) inspection data, validation or remediation dig information, and records of various repairs that have been completed on the pipeline system. The diversity and massive quantity of this gathered data proposes a challenge to pipeline operators in managing and maintaining these data sets and records. The management of integrity data is a key element to a pipeline system Integrity Management Program (IMP) as per the CSA Z662[1]. One of the most critical integrity datasets is the repair information. Incorrect repair assignments on a pipeline can lead to duplicate unnecessary excavations in the best scenario and a pipeline failure in the worst scenario. Operators rely on various approaches to manage and assign repair data to ILIs such as historical records reviews, ILI-based repair assignments, or chainage-based repair assignments. However, these methods have significant gaps in efficiency and/or accuracy. Failure to adequately manage excavation and repair data can lead to increased costs due to repeated excavation of an anomaly, an increase in resources required to match historical information with new data, uncertainty in the effectiveness of previous repairs, and the possibility of incorrect assignment of repairs to unrepaired features. This paper describes the approach adopted by Enbridge Gas to track and maintain repairs, as a part of the Pipeline Risk and Integrity Management (PRIM) platform. This approach was designed to create a robust excavation and repair management framework, providing a robust system of data gathering and automation, while ensuring sufficient oversight by Integrity Engineers. Using this system, repairs are assigned to each feature in an excavation, not only to a certain chainage along the pipeline. Subsequently, when a new ILI results report is received, a process of “Repair Matching” is completed to assign preexisting repairs and assessments to the newly reported features at a feature level. This process is partially automated, whereby pre-determined box-to-box features matched between ILIs can auto-populate repairs for many of the repaired features. The proposed excavation management system would provide operators a superior approach to managing their repair history and projecting historical repairs and assessments onto new ILI reports, prior to assessing the ILI and issuing further digs on the pipeline. This optimized method has many advantages over the conventional repair management methods used in the industry. This method is best suited for operators that are embarking on their second or third condition monitoring cycle, with a moderate number of historical repairs.


Author(s):  
J. D. Davis ◽  
J. E. Marr ◽  
D. Venance

Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (NGPL), a subsidiary of Kinder Morgan, Inc., has been monitoring their pipeline system for the presence and severity of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for more than thirty years. With the identification of near neutral pH SCC (also called low pH SCC) on this system, over the past five years NGPL has implemented a comprehensive SCC integrity management plan (IMP). Through their SCC IMP, NGPL has been finding and eliminating near critical near neutral pH SCC and other defects from their system, while using data from the program to obtain a better understanding of the relationship of SCC to existing pipe and environmental conditions. NGPL transports commercial quality natural gas to the Chicago area through a multi-line system that originates in various North American supply regions. The system right-of-way encompasses most of the American mid-west and crosses many physiographic areas. The pipelines have varying grades, diameters, and wall thicknesses, and were constructed at different times. Overall there are approximately 10,000 miles (16,000 kilometers) of pipeline that fall within the current NGPL SCC IMP. The primary purpose of this paper is to relate some of our experience with SCC on our system and describe the some of the innovative technical aspects of the existing in-house SCC IMP. This paper outlines some historical examples of the NGPL methodology for detecting near neutral pH SCC in pipeline steels using two or more separate pipeline investigation techniques. The basic steps of SCC direct assessment (DA) are described, as well as the process of integrating the predictive SCC model with in-line inspection (ILI) low level analysis signatures to determine the extent and severity of near neutral pH SCC on the NGPL pipeline system.


Author(s):  
Ashish Khera ◽  
Rajesh Uprety ◽  
Bidyut B. Baniah

The responsibility for managing an asset safely, efficiently and to optimize productivity lies solely with the pipeline operators. To achieve these objectives, operators are implementing comprehensive pipeline integrity management programs. These programs may be driven by a country’s pipeline regulator or in many cases may be “self-directed” by the pipeline operator especially in countries where pipeline regulators do not exist. A critical aspect of an operator’s Integrity Management Plan (IMP) is to evaluate the history, limitations and the key threats for each pipeline and accordingly select the most appropriate integrity tool. The guidelines for assessing piggable lines has been well documented but until recently there was not much awareness for assessment of non-piggable pipelines. A lot of these non-piggable pipelines transverse through high consequence areas and usually minimal historic records are available for these lines. To add to the risk factor, usually these lines also lack any baseline assessment. The US regulators, that is Office of Pipeline Safety had recognized the need for establishment of codes and standards for integrity assessment of all pipelines more than a decade ago. This led to comprehensive mandatory rules, standards and codes for the US pipeline operators to follow regardless of the line being piggable or non-piggable. In India the story has been a bit different. In the past few years, our governing body for development of self-regulatory standards for the Indian oil and gas industry that is Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) recognized a need for development of a standard specifically for integrity assessment of non-piggable pipelines. The standard was formalized and accepted by the Indian Ministry of Petroleum in September 2013 as OISD 233. OISD 233 standard is based on assessing the time dependent threats of External Corrosion (EC) and Internal Corrosion (IC) through applying the non-intrusive techniques of “Direct Assessment”. The four-step, iterative DA (ECDA, ICDA and SCCDA) process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment of the documented results. This paper presents the case study where the Indian pipeline operators took a self-initiative and implemented DA programs for prioritizing the integrity assessment of their most critical non-piggable pipelines even before the OISD 233 standard was established. The paper also looks into the relevance of the standard to the events and other case studies following the release of OISD 233.


Author(s):  
Ashish Khera ◽  
Abdul Wahab Al-Mithin ◽  
James E. Marr ◽  
Shabbir T. Safri ◽  
Saleh Al-Sulaiman

More than half of the world’s oil and gas pipelines are classified as non-piggable. Pipeline operators are becoming aware there are increased business and legislative pressures to ensure that appropriate integrity management techniques are developed, implemented and monitored for the safe and reliable operation of their pipeline asset. The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has an ongoing “Total Pipeline Integrity Management System (TPIMS)” program encompassing their entire pipeline network. In the development of this program it became apparent that not all existing integrity management techniques could be utilized or applied to each pipeline within the system. KOC, upon the completion of a risk assessment analysis, simply separated the pipelines into two categories consisting of piggable and non-piggable lines. The risk analysis indicated KOC’s pipeline network contains more than 200 non-piggable pipelines, representing more than 60% of their entire pipeline system. These non-piggable pipelines were to be assessed by utilizing External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) for the threat of external corrosion. Following the risk analysis, a baseline external corrosion integrity assessment was completed for each pipeline. The four-step, iterative External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment of the documented results. This case study will describe the available correlation results following the four steps of the DA process for specific non-piggable lines. The results of the DA program will assist KOC in the systematic evaluation of each individual non-piggable pipeline within their system.


Author(s):  
E. Salinas ◽  
A. Mun˜oz ◽  
A. Wilde ◽  
J. Healy ◽  
M. Bakayeva

Empresa Nacional del Petro´leo (ENAP) is an energy company, wholly owned by the Chilean Government. With regards to overall management, the company comprises of two Business Divisions: Exploration and Production (Up-stream) and Refining and Logistic (Down-stream), complemented by corporate managerial structures. The objective of ENAP’s Exploration and Production (UpStream) business line is the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) in the South of Chile (Magallanes) and abroad, as well as geo-thermal energy, in this case, associated with private entities in areas of Northern Chile. Within the Magallanes region ENAP operates approximately 2,200 km of natural gas, crude oil and refined product pipelines. These pipelines range in diameter from 4 to 20 inch and the majority of pipelines are over 30 years old. Due to operational reliability reasons, since 1998 ENAP has been regularly inspecting its pipelines using intelligent in-line inspection tools. Furthermore, since 2006, as part of an overall pipeline integrity management plan ENAP has been conducting Fitness for Service assessments on selected pipelines including a risk-based assessment considering pipeline condition and the impact on the continuity of operation. The Integrity Management Plan implemented by ENAP in the Magallanes region has been applied to all pipelines transporting gas, crude oil and refined products, including those built after 1990. This plan comprises the construction phase, from which invaluable information is gathered for later use. The primary aims of ENAP’s integrity management plan are: - To protect the public; - To protect the surrounding environment by preventing pipeline failures; - To ensure efficient usage of the budget available to conduct maintenance tasks; - To prevent damage to the pipelines, e.g. due to corrosion activity; - To provide clarity of activities being performed by ENAP in order to ensure an efficient, safe and reliable pipeline system. This paper provides a description of the integrity management strategy adopted by ENAP and includes a review of a number of the challenges encountered during its implementation.


Author(s):  
Marcus McCallum ◽  
Andrew Francis ◽  
Tim Illson ◽  
Mark McQueen ◽  
Mike Scott ◽  
...  

Approximately 1450 km (900 miles) of a 4020-km (2500 mile) natural gas pipeline system operated by Crosstex Energy Service L.P in Texas are subject to the Texas Railroad Commission’s (TRRC) integrity management rules. Consequently, in preparation for the construction of an extensive and robust integrity management program, Crosstex commissioned Advantica to assist in the development and application of a pilot study on a 13.4 km (8.3 mile) section of a 14” pipeline. The purpose of the study, which is based on Structural Reliability Analysis (SRA), was to compare the level of integrity that could be inferred from the use of Direct Assessment (DA) techniques with the level that could be inferred from ILI results. Based on a preliminary assessment of available data, the study identified both external and internal corrosion as potential threats to integrity. SRA was used in conjunction with ‘Bayesian Updating’ to determine the probability of pipe failure due to external corrosion, taking account of results from above-ground measurements and a number of bell-hole excavations. The above-ground survey techniques utilized included Close Interval Survey (CIS) and Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG). A similar approach was adopted to address the threat due to internal corrosion, but hydraulic modelling was substituted for the above-ground measurements. A third study based on SRA was used to determine the combined probability of failure due to both internal and external corrosion taking account of ILI results. The outcome of the analyses demonstrated that the level of integrity that could be inferred from the use of Crosstex’ DA methodology was similar to that which could be inferred from the use of ILI. The results were presented to the TRRC for review and approval. This paper gives a detailed description of the SRA based methodology that was employed by Crosstex and presents the results that clearly demonstrate the comparability of ILI and DA for the purpose of integrity management.


Author(s):  
S. Surya Prakash ◽  
Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari ◽  
Shabbir Safri ◽  
Amer Abdullah Jaragh

Kuwait currently produces about 3 million barrels of crude oil per day and has a large pipeline network system for handling its oil and associated products (condensate, low pressure and high pressure gas, as well as produced and effluent waters). The total length of the pipeline network is about 4790 Km consisting of API 5L Grade-B carbon steel ranging in diameter from 100 mm to 1830 mm. The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is responsible for the corrosion and integrity management of the pipeline network system which involves: Internal Corrosion Monitoring to assess the internal corrosion status of the pipelines including the occurrence of microbial influenced corrosion; external corrosion protection with the help of coatings and cathodic protection, and periodic intelligent and cleaning pigging operations for internal corrosion assessment and cleaning. The present paper focuses on the internal corrosion management of the export crude segment of the pipeline network system which is very important for a healthy economy. The internal corrosion monitoring protocol includes, online corrosion monitoring, cleaning pigging and intelligent pigging. Bacteria counts’ trending is also included as part of protocol. Some anomalies between the results obtained from corrosion trends, cleaning pigging results and intelligent pigging are highlighted and a sound engineering explanation is attempted to explain these apparent anomalies.


Author(s):  
Jai Prakash Sah ◽  
Mohammad Tanweer Akhter

Managing the integrity of pipeline system is the primary goal of every pipeline operator. To ensure the integrity of pipeline system, its health assessment is very important and critical for ensuring safety of environment, human resources and its assets. In long term, managing pipeline integrity is an investment to asset protection which ultimately results in cost saving. Typically, the health assessment to managing the integrity of pipeline system is a function of operational experience and corporate philosophy. There is no single approach that can provide the best solution for all pipeline system. Only a comprehensive, systematic and integrated integrity management program provides the means to improve the safety of pipeline systems. Such programme provides the information for an operator to effectively allocate resources for appropriate prevention, detection and mitigation activities that will result in improved safety and a reduction in the number of incidents. Presently GAIL (INDIA) LTD. is operating & maintaining approximately 10,000Kms of natural gas/RLNG/LPG pipeline and HVJ Pipeline is the largest pipeline network of India which transports more than 50% of total gas being consumed in this country. HVJ pipeline system consists of more than 4500 Kms of pipeline having diameter range from 04” to 48”, which consist of piggable as well as non-piggable pipeline. Though, lengthwise non-piggable pipeline is very less but their importance cannot be ignored in to the totality because of their critical nature. Typically, pipeline with small length & connected to dispatch terminal are non-piggable and these pipelines are used to feed the gas to the consumer. Today pipeline industries are having three different types of inspection techniques available for inspection of the pipeline. 1. Inline inspection 2. Hydrostatic pressure testing 3. Direct assessment (DA) Inline inspection is possible only for piggable pipeline i.e. pipeline with facilities of pig launching & receiving and hydrostatic pressure testing is not possible for the pipeline under continuous operation. Thus we are left with direct assessment method to assess health of the non-piggable pipelines. Basically, direct assessment is a structured multi-step evaluation method to examine and identify the potential problem areas relating to internal corrosion, external corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking using ICDA (Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment), ECDA (External Corrosion Direct Assessment) and SCCDA (Stress Corrosion Direct Assessment). All the above DA is four steps iterative method & consist of following steps; a. Pre assessment b. Indirect assessment c. Direct assessment d. Post assessment Considering the importance of non-piggable pipeline, integrity assessment of following non piggable pipeline has done through direct assessment method. 1. 30 inch dia pipeline of length 0.6 km and handling 18.4 MMSCMD of natural gas 2. 18 inch dia pipeline of length 3.65 km and handling 4.0 MMSCMD of natural gas 3. 12 inch dia pipeline of length 2.08 km and handling 3.4 MMSCMD of natural gas In addition to ICDA, ECDA & SCCDA, Long Range Ultrasonic Thickness (LRUT-a guided wave technology) has also been carried out to detect the metal loss at excavated locations observed by ICDA & ECDA. Direct assessment survey for above pipelines has been conducted and based on the survey; high consequence areas have been identified. All the high consequence area has been excavated and inspected. No appreciable corrosion and thickness loss have observed at any area. However, pipeline segments have been identified which are most vulnerable and may have corrosion in future.


Author(s):  
Karine Kutrowski ◽  
Rob Bos ◽  
Jean-Re´gis Piccardino ◽  
Marie Pajot

On January 4th 2007 TIGF published the following invitation for tenders: “Development and Provision of a Pipeline Integrity Management System”. The project was awarded to Bureau Veritas (BV), who proposed to meet the requirements of TIGF with the Threats and Mitigations module of the PiMSlider® suite extended with some customized components. The key features of the PiMSlider® suite are: • More than only IT: a real integrity philosophy, • A simple intuitive tool to store, display and update pipeline data, • Intelligent search utilities to locate specific information about the pipeline and its surrounding, • A scalable application, with a potentially unlimited number of users, • Supervision (during and after implementation) by experienced people from the oil and gas industry. This paper first introduces TIGF and the consortium BV – ATP. It explains in a few words the PIMS philosophy captured in the PiMSlider® suite and focuses on the added value of the pipeline Threats and Mitigations module. Using this module allows the integrity analyst to: • Prioritize pipeline segments for integrity surveillance purposes, • Determine most effective corrective actions, • Assess the benefits of corrective actions by means of what-if scenarios, • Produce a qualitative threats assessment for further use in the integrity management plan, • Optimize integrity aspects from a design, maintenance and operational point of view, • Investigate the influence of different design criteria for pipeline segments. To conclude, TIGF presents the benefits of the tool for their Integrity Management department and for planning inspection and for better knowledge of their gas transmission grid.


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