Prediction of the Consequences of Accidental Releases From Liquid Pipelines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Ronnie
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Correct Order ◽  
Accidental Release ◽  
Sensitive Areas ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Accidental Releases

Pipelines are one of the safest ways of transporting hazardous liquids, such as crude oil, gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil. However, few models exist that predict the spread of a liquid over a general topography following accidental release from a pipeline. The methodology presented in this paper allows the route taken by an accidental release of liquid from a pipeline to be predicted. The porosity of the ground is included to enable the extent of spread of the liquid and the proportion of the release reaching an important location, such as a river, to be established. The resulting flow for any given release and topography is determined by interpolation between data contained in a series of tables constructed from simulations using liquid spread software. The methodology has been applied to a release and subsequent fire, which occurred in Bellingham, Washington, in 1999. The extents of the pipeline, which, should a release occur, would result in the spill reaching sensitive areas, have been established. The results obtained are of the correct order of magnitude and are realistic. However, more data on the case studies would be required to quantitatively assess the accuracy of the methodology.

scholarly journals Effect of nutrient enrichments on the bacterial assemblage of Antarctic soils contaminated by diesel or crude oil

Polar Record ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Delille ◽  
E. Pelletier ◽  
B. Delille ◽  
F. Coulon
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Assemblage ◽  
Antarctic Soils ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Terre Adélie

There is an urgent need to develop new technologies to address the problem of soil remediation in high-latitude regions. A field study was initiated in January 1997 in two contaminated soils in Terre Adélie (Antarctica) with the objective of determining the long-term effectiveness of two bioremediation agents on total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbial assemblages under severe Antarctic conditions. This study was conducted in two steps, from January to July 1997 and from February to November 1999 in the Géologie Archipelago (Terre Adélie, 66°40′S, 140°01′E). Changes in bacterial communities were monitored in situ after crude oil or diesel addition in a series of 600 cm2 soil sectors (20×30 cm). Four contaminated sectors were used for each experiment: diesel oil (10 ml), diesel oil (10 ml) + fertilizer (1 ml), Arabian light crude oil (10 ml), and crude oil (10 ml) + fertilizer (1 ml). Two different bioremediation agents were used: a slow release fertilizer Inipol EAP-22 (Elf Atochem) in 1997 and a fish compost in 1999. Plots were sampled on a regular basis during a three-year period. All samples were analysed for total, saprophytic psychrophilic, and hydrocarbon-utilising bacteria. A one order of magnitude increase of saprophytic and hydrocarbon-utilising micro-organisms occurred during the first month of the experiment in most of the contaminated enclosures, but no clear differences appeared between fertilized and unfertilized plots. Diesel-oil contamination induced a significant increase of all bacterial parameters in all contaminated soils. Crude-oil contamination had no clear effects on microbial assemblages. It was clear that the microbial response could be rapid and efficient in spite of the severe weather conditions. However, microbial growth was not clearly improved in the presence of bioremediation agents.

PERFECT case studies demonstrating order of magnitude reduction in power consumption

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Wittenberg ◽  
Edin Kadric ◽  
Andre DeHon ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
Jeffrey Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

scholarly journals Preparation of Sulfur-Free Exfoliated Graphite by a Two-Step Intercalation Process and Its Application for Adsorption of Oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun He ◽  
Laizhou Song ◽  
Hongxia Yang ◽  
Xiaohui Ren ◽  
Lifei Xing
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Exfoliated Graphite ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Graphite Flake ◽  
Intercalation Process

The sulfur-free exfoliated graphite (EG) was prepared by a two-step chemical oxidation process, using natural flake graphite (NFG) as the precursor. The first chemical intercalation process was carried out at a temperature of 30°C for 50 min, with the optimum addition of NFG, potassium permanganate, and perchloric acid in a weight ratio of 1 : 0.4 : 10.56. Then, in the secondary intercalation step, dipotassium phosphate was employed as the intercalating agent to further increase the exfoliated volume (EV) of EG. NFG, graphite intercalation compound (GIC), and EG were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), BET surface area, and porosity analyzer. Also, the uptakes of crude oil, diesel oil, and gasoline by EG were determined. Results show that perchloric acid and hydrogen phosphate are validated to enter into the interlayer of graphite flake. The obtained EG possesses a large exfoliated volume (EV) and has an excellent affinity to oils; thus, the material has rapid adsorption rates and high adsorption capacities for crude oil, diesel oil, and gasoline.

scholarly journals Analysis of monthly CO2 emission trends for major EU Countries: a time series approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Quatrosi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Time Series Approach

<p>The following paper analyses monthly trends for CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions from energy consumption for 31 European countries, four primary fuels (i.e., Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Hard Coal, Lignite) and three secondary fuels (i.e., Gas/Diesel Oil, LPG, Naphta, Petroleum Coke) from 2008 to 2019. Carbon dioxide emission has been estimated following the Reference Approach in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gasses Inventories. Country-specific (e.g. Tier 2) coefficient were retrieved from the IPCC Emission Factor Database and the UN Common Reporting Framework. Data on fuel consumption (e.g., Gross Inland Deliveries) were taken from the Eurostat database. This paper will fill some knowledge gap analysing monthly trends of carbon dioxide emissions for major EU Countries. As the progressive phase-out of carbon is taking place pretty much in all Europe, Crude Oil exerted the largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the period considered. Analysis of selected countries unveiled several clusters within the EU in terms of major source of emissions. As final step, the paper has endeavoured the task of fitting a model for monthly CO<sub>2 </sub>forecasting. The whole series presents two structural breaks and can be explained by an autoregressive model of the first order. Indeed, further speculations on a more appropriate fit and more fuels in the estimation, is demanded to other works.</p>

Experience and lessons in crude oil pipeline pigging: Case studies from field practices

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Wenda Wang ◽  
Jirong Ran ◽  
Huiyuan Li ◽  
Jianxun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Oil Pipeline

Study on Flaw Acceptance Standard of ASME Code Sec. XI Based on Failure Probability

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Shibata ◽  
Kunio Onizawa ◽  
YinSheng Li ◽  
Yasuhiro Kanto ◽  
Shinobu Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Failure Probability ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Pressurized Thermal Shock ◽  
Asme Code ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reactor Pressure

Based on the failure probability, the flaw acceptance standard of ASME Code Sec. XI is examined with some concerns weather the failure probability is uniform for flaws with various aspect ratios and failure frequencies are small enough. In this paper, the results of preliminary case studies are described on the failure probability of reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) with a surface flaw specified in Sec. XI. PFM code PASCAL was used for case studies. A PTS (Pressurized Thermal Shock) transient prescribed by NRC/EPRI PTS Benchmark Study was used as an applied load. Analysis results showed that the conditional failure probability of a RPV with an initial flaw of acceptable depth depends on the aspect ratio. In the case flaw shapes are close to semi-circular, the failure probability are higher than that of the cases aspect ration are less than 0.6 by one order of magnitude due to the difference of fracture behavior at the surface point. A case study for determining the acceptable flaws based on failure probability was also carried out.

Environmental Risk Analysis of Accidental Release From Onshore Oil Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengli Liu ◽  
Yongtu Liang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Accidental Releases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Environmental Risk Analysis ◽  
Spilled Oil

Accidental releases of oil and oil products will cause extensive damage to environment, if timely and effective measures are not available. Predicting the consequences of spilled oil is of significant importance for emergency management. Although software for risk assessment of gas pipelines is very popular, few are available for hazardous liquid pipelines, due to the difference in behaviors of accidental releases of gases and liquids in the same situation. The major differences are that the spread of released oil is mainly affected by the topography of the land and may result in pollution of soil or waterways, while gas pipeline failure may form gas clouds or explosions and merely pose environmental pollution problems. An integrated model was developed in order to analyze the environmental consequences of spills from oil pipelines. The method presented in this paper allowed to predict the flow trajectory of released liquid from a pipeline and other relevant parameters, including the extent of spread of the oil and the proportion of release reaching any important location, such as a river, in any given topography. The methodology has been applied to a release, which occurred in Marshall, Michigan, in 2010. The results obtained are of the correct order of magnitude compared with realistic data. A case-study is presented and discussed to illustrate the features of the methodology. The results confirmed that the proposed model may be considered an important tool within a comprehensive approach to the management of risk related to onshore oil pipelines.

scholarly journals Sustainable production of bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction of symbiotically grown biomass of microalgae-bacteria coupled with effective wastewater treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gargi Goswami ◽  
Bidhu Bhusan Makut ◽  
Debasish Das
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Wastewater Remediation ◽  
Batch Mode

Abstract The study demonstrates a sustainable process for production of bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction of microbial biomass generated through co-cultivation of microalgae and bacteria coupled with wastewater remediation. Biomass concentration and wastewater treatment efficiency of a tertiary consortium (two microalgae and two bacteria) was evaluated on four different wastewater samples. Total biomass concentration, total nitrogen and COD removal efficiency was found to be 3.17 g L−1, 99.95% and 95.16% respectively when consortium was grown using paper industry wastewater in a photobioreactor under batch mode. Biomass concentration was enhanced to 4.1 g L−1 through intermittent feeding of nitrogen source and phosphate. GC-MS and FTIR analysis of bio-crude oil indicates abundance of the hydrocarbon fraction and in turn, better oil quality. Maximum distillate fraction of 30.62% lies within the boiling point range of 200–300 °C depicting suitability of the bio-crude oil for conversion into diesel oil, jet fuel and fuel for stoves.

scholarly journals The Preparation and Characterization of MnFe2O4-Decorated Expanded Graphite for Removal of Heavy Oils from Water

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Doan Tuan Nguyen ◽  
Hoang Tung Nguyen ◽  
Thuong Thi Nguyen ◽  
Ai Kha Le Thi ◽  
Thanh Duy Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Heavy Oils ◽  
X Ray

Recently, many methods have been developed to efficiently eliminate oil spills due to its long-term harmful effects on marine life and human health. Expanded graphite (EG) has been considered as an excellent platform to remove contaminated oil from aqueous solution through a facile adsorption route. As an innovative approach, the decoration of magnetic components, namely, MnFe2O4, into graphite layers was taken into account for facilitating phase separation under magnetic field which resulted into an easy collection of the used adsorbents in a large scale. The expanded graphite/manganese ferrite composites were prepared from Vietnamese graphite flakes via a two-stage process. Characterization was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDS), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The adsorption behavior of EG-MnFe2O4 for widespread used heavy oils, including diesel oil and crude oil, was investigated under the effects of adsorption conditions, i.e., contact time, loaded oil dosage, and salinity of mixing oil and water. The obtained results showed successful incorporation of MnFe2O4 into graphite sheets and no considerable change on the worm-like structure of EG. The results also showed that incorporated manganese ferrites enhanced the magnetism EG up to 16 emu/g, which made the recovery of used adsorbent conveniently. The EG-MnFe2O4 adsorbents exhibited the strong adsorption ability toward diesel oil (32.20 ± 0.46 g DO/g EG) and crude oil (33.07 ± 0.33 g CO/g EG). In brief, EG-MnFe2O4 material provides a potential and promising platform with high performance for oil spill removal.

Design and Analysis of a Shell Mechanism Based Two-Fold Force Controlled Scoliosis Brace

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joep P. A. Nijssen ◽  
Giuseppe Radaelli ◽  
Just L. Herder ◽  
Charles J. Kim ◽  
J. B. Ring
Keyword(s):  
Motion Capture ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Correct Order ◽  
Stiffness Characteristic ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Stiffness Profile ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Motion Profile

In this paper a first iteration of a new scoliosis brace design and correction strategy is presented using compliant shell mechanisms to create both motion and correction. The motion profile of the human spine was found using a segmented motion capture approach. The brace was designed for a case study using a conceptual ellipsoid design approach. The force controlled correction profile was re-invented using a two fold zero and positive stiffness profile. These force generators were built and validated to prove their zero stiffness characteristic. The kinematic part of the brace was detail designed with the correct order of magnitude and validated through their force-deflection characteristic. The end result was a first iteration of a new brace validated and analysed on some critical components which can form the basis for a future biomechanical study.

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