scholarly journals Preparation of Sulfur-Free Exfoliated Graphite by a Two-Step Intercalation Process and Its Application for Adsorption of Oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun He ◽  
Laizhou Song ◽  
Hongxia Yang ◽  
Xiaohui Ren ◽  
Lifei Xing
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Exfoliated Graphite ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Graphite Flake ◽  
Intercalation Process

The sulfur-free exfoliated graphite (EG) was prepared by a two-step chemical oxidation process, using natural flake graphite (NFG) as the precursor. The first chemical intercalation process was carried out at a temperature of 30°C for 50 min, with the optimum addition of NFG, potassium permanganate, and perchloric acid in a weight ratio of 1 : 0.4 : 10.56. Then, in the secondary intercalation step, dipotassium phosphate was employed as the intercalating agent to further increase the exfoliated volume (EV) of EG. NFG, graphite intercalation compound (GIC), and EG were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), BET surface area, and porosity analyzer. Also, the uptakes of crude oil, diesel oil, and gasoline by EG were determined. Results show that perchloric acid and hydrogen phosphate are validated to enter into the interlayer of graphite flake. The obtained EG possesses a large exfoliated volume (EV) and has an excellent affinity to oils; thus, the material has rapid adsorption rates and high adsorption capacities for crude oil, diesel oil, and gasoline.

scholarly journals Analysis of monthly CO2 emission trends for major EU Countries: a time series approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Quatrosi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Time Series Approach

<p>The following paper analyses monthly trends for CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions from energy consumption for 31 European countries, four primary fuels (i.e., Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Hard Coal, Lignite) and three secondary fuels (i.e., Gas/Diesel Oil, LPG, Naphta, Petroleum Coke) from 2008 to 2019. Carbon dioxide emission has been estimated following the Reference Approach in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gasses Inventories. Country-specific (e.g. Tier 2) coefficient were retrieved from the IPCC Emission Factor Database and the UN Common Reporting Framework. Data on fuel consumption (e.g., Gross Inland Deliveries) were taken from the Eurostat database. This paper will fill some knowledge gap analysing monthly trends of carbon dioxide emissions for major EU Countries. As the progressive phase-out of carbon is taking place pretty much in all Europe, Crude Oil exerted the largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the period considered. Analysis of selected countries unveiled several clusters within the EU in terms of major source of emissions. As final step, the paper has endeavoured the task of fitting a model for monthly CO<sub>2 </sub>forecasting. The whole series presents two structural breaks and can be explained by an autoregressive model of the first order. Indeed, further speculations on a more appropriate fit and more fuels in the estimation, is demanded to other works.</p>

Preparation of Sulfur-Free Exfoliated Graphite in the Graphite-HClO4-CH3COOH Systerms

2015 ◽  
Vol 1094 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Guo Jiang Zhou ◽  
Xiao Tong Feng ◽  
Guang Chao Lv
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Exfoliated Graphite ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments

The sulfur-free exfoliated graphite(EG) was prepared by chemical oxidation method using the mixture of HClO4 and CH3COOH as reaction medium, the 100 orders natural flake graphite(NG) as raw material, and KMnO4 as oxidant. The effects of influence factors on the exfoliation volume(EV) were analyzed by single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, the structure of NG and EG were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Results show that the optimum preparation conditions were as follows: graphite(g): KMnO4(g): the mixed acid (mL) = 1:0.35:4, HClO4 (mL):CH3COOH (mL) = 3:1, reaction temperature at 35°C for 90 minutes, the maximum EV of up to 500mL/g. The influence factors are governed the descending order: the volume ratio of HClO4 :CH3COOH, reaction temperature, the dosage of mixed acid, the dosage of KMnO4, reaction time.

scholarly journals Sustainable production of bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction of symbiotically grown biomass of microalgae-bacteria coupled with effective wastewater treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gargi Goswami ◽  
Bidhu Bhusan Makut ◽  
Debasish Das
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Wastewater Remediation ◽  
Batch Mode

Abstract The study demonstrates a sustainable process for production of bio-crude oil via hydrothermal liquefaction of microbial biomass generated through co-cultivation of microalgae and bacteria coupled with wastewater remediation. Biomass concentration and wastewater treatment efficiency of a tertiary consortium (two microalgae and two bacteria) was evaluated on four different wastewater samples. Total biomass concentration, total nitrogen and COD removal efficiency was found to be 3.17 g L−1, 99.95% and 95.16% respectively when consortium was grown using paper industry wastewater in a photobioreactor under batch mode. Biomass concentration was enhanced to 4.1 g L−1 through intermittent feeding of nitrogen source and phosphate. GC-MS and FTIR analysis of bio-crude oil indicates abundance of the hydrocarbon fraction and in turn, better oil quality. Maximum distillate fraction of 30.62% lies within the boiling point range of 200–300 °C depicting suitability of the bio-crude oil for conversion into diesel oil, jet fuel and fuel for stoves.

scholarly journals The Preparation and Characterization of MnFe2O4-Decorated Expanded Graphite for Removal of Heavy Oils from Water

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Doan Tuan Nguyen ◽  
Hoang Tung Nguyen ◽  
Thuong Thi Nguyen ◽  
Ai Kha Le Thi ◽  
Thanh Duy Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Heavy Oils ◽  
X Ray

Recently, many methods have been developed to efficiently eliminate oil spills due to its long-term harmful effects on marine life and human health. Expanded graphite (EG) has been considered as an excellent platform to remove contaminated oil from aqueous solution through a facile adsorption route. As an innovative approach, the decoration of magnetic components, namely, MnFe2O4, into graphite layers was taken into account for facilitating phase separation under magnetic field which resulted into an easy collection of the used adsorbents in a large scale. The expanded graphite/manganese ferrite composites were prepared from Vietnamese graphite flakes via a two-stage process. Characterization was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDS), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The adsorption behavior of EG-MnFe2O4 for widespread used heavy oils, including diesel oil and crude oil, was investigated under the effects of adsorption conditions, i.e., contact time, loaded oil dosage, and salinity of mixing oil and water. The obtained results showed successful incorporation of MnFe2O4 into graphite sheets and no considerable change on the worm-like structure of EG. The results also showed that incorporated manganese ferrites enhanced the magnetism EG up to 16 emu/g, which made the recovery of used adsorbent conveniently. The EG-MnFe2O4 adsorbents exhibited the strong adsorption ability toward diesel oil (32.20 ± 0.46 g DO/g EG) and crude oil (33.07 ± 0.33 g CO/g EG). In brief, EG-MnFe2O4 material provides a potential and promising platform with high performance for oil spill removal.

Toward a French Approval Procedure for the use of Dispersants in Inland Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-404
Author(s):  
F. Merlin ◽  
C. Bocard ◽  
R. Cabridenc ◽  
J. Oudot ◽  
E. Vindimian
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Light Crude Oil ◽  
Approval Procedure

ABSTRACT The use of dispersant at sea has been well defined in many studies. For inland waters the situation is not the same. At the request of the French authorities, a study was performed to assess the use of dispersants in fresh water. This study leads to the conclusion that dispersant use in fresh water is possible only in running and turbulent waters. The toxicity of a light crude oil and a diesel oil to some freshwater animals was assessed, leading to preliminary recommendations. In other respects, too, the effectiveness of dispersants has been tested; many products that are effective in seawater give poor results in fresh water. Consequently, dispersants must be controlled prior to their use in rivers. As it has for dispersant use at sea, France is establishing a procedure for approving use of dispersants in fresh water. This procedure involves specific laboratory tests to test their effectiveness, toxicity, and biodegradability in fresh water.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Yeast Strains from Petroleum Contaminated Industrial Wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boutheina Gargouri ◽  
Najla Mhiri ◽  
Fatma Karray ◽  
Fathi Aloui ◽  
Sami Sayadi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Hydrocarbon Biodegradation ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Yeast Strains

Two yeast strains are enriched and isolated from industrial refinery wastewater. These strains were observed for their ability to utilize several classes of petroleum hydrocarbons substrates, such asn-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source. Phylogenetic analysis based on the D1/D2 variable domain and the ITS-region sequences indicated that strains HC1 and HC4 were members of the generaCandidaandTrichosporon, respectively. The mechanism of hydrocarbon uptaking by yeast,Candida,andTrichosporonhas been studied by means of the kinetic analysis of hydrocarbons-degrading yeasts growth and substrate assimilation. Biodegradation capacity and biomass quantity were daily measured during twelve days by gravimetric analysis and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry techniques. Removal ofn-alkanes indicated a strong ability of hydrocarbon biodegradation by the isolated yeast strains. These two strains grew on long-chainn-alkane, diesel oil, and crude oil but failed to grow on short-chainn-alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons. Growth measurement attributes of the isolates, usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil, and crude oil as substrates, showed that strain HC1 had better degradation for hydrocarbon substrates than strain HC4. In conclusion, these yeast strains can be useful for the bioremediation process and decreasing petroleum pollution in wastewater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Reedy Grass Leaves by Chemical Activation with KOH

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhi Chen ◽  
Dong Xu Miao ◽  
Xiao Jie Feng ◽  
Jian Zhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Dta Analysis

Activated carbons (AC) were produced by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 800°C from chars that were carbonized from reedy grass leaves at 450°C in N2atmosphere. The effects of the weight ratio of KOH/char ( impregnation ratio), activation temperature and duration time were examined. Adsorption capacity was demonstrated with iodine number. BET surface area, pore volume and pore size of activated carbons were characterized by N2adsorption isotherms. The maximum surface area and iodine number of the AC was 1100 m2/g and 1080 mg/g produced at 800°C for2h and impregnation ratio is 4:1.The characteristics of activated carbons were determined by Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal gravimetry (TG/DTA) analysis of raw material was carried out.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) to Petroleum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Onyemaechi Ezike ◽  
Felix Okaliwe Echor
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Experimental Treatments

One hundred and twenty (120) fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (mean weight: 0.96 ± 0.1g) were randomly exposed to 4 experimental treatments of petroleum, based on LC50 values (6.4mg/L of crude oil, 8.7mg/L of petrol, 8.0mg/L of kerosene and 7.8mg/L of diesel oil) and replicated thrice, to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in exposed fish for 96 h. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in total (PAHs) between crude oil (97.1 ng/uL) and diesel (97.2 ng/uL) exposed fish and also between petrol (53.2 ng/uL) and kerosene (49.6 ng/uL) exposed fish, but there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in PAH levels of the crude oil/diesel exposed -groups of fish compared to petrol/kerosene exposed -groups of fish (97.1/97.2 and 53.2/49.6 ng/uL). Naphthalene correlated positively to benzo a anthracene (r=0.672, (P < 0.05), benzo b fluoranthene (r=0.681, P < 0.05) and chrysene (r=0.615, P < 0.05) but did not correlate to fluorene. Benzo a anthracene correlated positively to benzo a pyrene (r=0.578, P < 0.05), phenathrene (r=0.685, P < 0.05) but did not correlate to acenaphthene. Fluorene correlated positively to benzo a pyrene (r=0.695, P < 0.05) but did not correlate to chrysene. Chrysene correlated positively to dibenzo a,h, pyrene (r=0.658, P < 0.05) to phenathrene and benzo b fluoranthene (r=0.659, P< 0.05). Indeno 123 cd- pyrene and fluranthene however did not correlate to other PAHs except naphthanene, acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. The level of PAH in fish may translate to the toxicity effect since crude oil and diesel with lower LC50 (6.4 and 7.8 mg/L)   deposited greater PAH than kerosene and petrol with higher LC50 (8.7 and 8.0 mg/L) in fingerlings of C. gariepinus. High risk to cancer disorders may occur in exposed fish to petroleum with high incidence of fluorene , anthracene, pyrene and benz a anthracene which correlated positively to benzo a pyrene which provide some basis for predicting impact of oil spills on fingerling population.

scholarly journals Modern Base Load Gas Turbines Running on Crude Oil: Long Time Effects and Experience

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Basler ◽  
P. C. Felix
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Reliability Numbers ◽  
Base Load ◽  
Better Than

Crude oils are favorable gas turbine fuels, particularly in areas where light crudes are available and distillates in sufficient quantities are difficult to obtain. In Riyadh, Saudiarabia, local Khurais crude oil is therefore certainly the most reasonable gas turbine fuel. This paper shows the long time experience with this type of fuel gathered in ten modern BBC type 11 turbines with a total of over 100,000 operating hours. The main problems and the measures taken to overcome these problems are described in detail. The operational record of the Riyadh 5 power plant of the last three years demonstrates that it is possible to run a powerplant without any diesel oil for blending or start up, e.g., and still to obtain availability and reliability numbers which are as good or better than for a diesel or gas fired plant.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Oil-Degrading Bacterium Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans Strain YA_1 from the Southwest Indian Ocean

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyuan Xu ◽  
Chong Ren ◽  
Ruixuan Chen ◽  
Runying Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Microbial Oil ◽  
Southwest Indian Ocean ◽  
Degrading Bacterium ◽  
Oil Biodegradation

Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans has been previously reported to be capable of degrading crude oil and diesel oil. G. pentaromativorans strain YA_1 was isolated from the southwest Indian Ocean and can degrade crude oil. This study reports the draft genome sequence of G. pentaromativorans , which can provide insights into the mechanisms of microbial oil biodegradation.

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