A Unique Pipeline Fault Crossing Design for a Highly Focused Fault

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Hart ◽  
Nasir Zulfiqar ◽  
Chih-Hung Lee ◽  
Frank Dauby ◽  
Keith I. Kelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Component ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Tension Force ◽  
Average Radius ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Electric Company ◽  
Angle Change ◽  
Longitudinal Resistance ◽  
Fault Trace ◽  
Cold Bends

This paper describes the development of a unique pipeline fault crossing design upgrade for a 22-inch (559 mm) diameter Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) gas transmission line where it crosses the Calaveras fault near Sunol, California. The new design is capable of withstanding significant levels of horizontal fault offset while minimizing the deformation demands experienced by the pipeline. This unique design concept is applicable to fault crossings with well defined fault locations and highly localized fault offset profiles (e.g., for this fault, 85% of the offset is expected to occur within ±5 feet (±1.5 m) from the center of the fault trace, which was precisely located by field trenching studies). Relative to the original fault crossing design, the new design provides a more favorable “local” fault crossing angle “β” (β = 73° for the original design vs. β = 95° for the new design). The angle change is accomplished by installing an offset section of the pipeline adjacent to the fault such that the fault crosses the pipeline in the middle of a tangent section in the nearest offsetting leg. The four bends used to fabricate the offset section are cold bends with an average radius of 76.4 feet (23.3 m). The entire mitigated section of the pipeline is buried in a select sand trench. For this design configuration, right lateral fault motion results in (a) a “closing” action within the two adjacent cold bends located on either side of the fault and (b) a net tension force in the pipe (due to the obtuse β value) centered on the tangent section of the offsetting leg containing the fault crossing. The net tension force in the offsetting leg results in an “opening” action within the two adjacent cold bends on either side of the fault. By adjusting the local fault crossing angle β, the “bend opening” action that results from pipe extension across the fault can be made to nearly offset the “bend closing” action induced by the transverse component of the fault offset. The use of a select sand backfill in the retrofit section allows the bends to engage the soil with relatively low transverse and longitudinal resistance thereby enhancing the overall flexibility/compliance of the fault crossing design. Implementation of this unique design concept at the Calaveras fault crossing increased the amount of fault offset required to damage the pipeline from about 7 inches (18 cm) for the “as-built” design to well over 90 inches (2.3 m) for the retrofit.

scholarly journals Calculation of Reasonable Tension Value for Longitudinal Connecting Reinforcement of CRTSII Slab Ballastless Track

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Chen ◽  
Jinjie Chen ◽  
Jianxi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Crack Width ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Tension Force ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Ballastless Track

There is confusion in the original design concept for the tensioning of longitudinally connected reinforcement of the CRTSII (China Railway Track System) slab ballastless track. In order to clarify the effect of tension value of longitudinal reinforcement on the mechanical characteristics of the ballastless track, a three-dimensional finite element model, considering the nonlinear interaction between the track slab and cement-emulsified asphalt (CA) mortar of the CRTSII slab ballastless track, was established. The mechanical characteristics of the track structure under longitudinal tension load and temperature gradient load of the longitudinal joint were calculated. A method of applying prestress to post-pouring concrete was proposed according to the concept of prestress loss of pretensioning prestressed concrete, a reasonable tensile force value was proposed after the crack width, and the reinforcement stress of the ballastless track in the operation stage was checked and calculated according to the concrete design principle. When the tension force is greater than 300 kN, it is harmful to the bonding between the slab and mortar layer, which is prone to interlayer damage. In order to add prestress to concrete with wide joints to ensure the longitudinal stability of the ballastless track, and that the reinforcement stress and crack width meet design requirements, it is suggested that the tension force value should be 230 kN. Further, the temperature difference between reinforcement and concrete should be 30 °C before the initial curdle of wide joint concrete.

Modern Residential Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 507 ◽  
pp. 107-109
Author(s):  
Zhi Neng Tong
Keyword(s):  
Design Concept ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Residential Design ◽  
Traditional Design ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Design Requirements

The system will pay attention to the details of the problem with more and more residential design tremendous development in recent decades and the original design concept was shocked by the Chinese new thinking, and the emergence from the traditional design concept different functions. This piece is from three aspects through modern residential design features to explore how to adapt to a new stage of residential design requirements.

scholarly journals Calculation of Reasonable Tension Value for Longitudinal Connecting Reinforcement of CRTSII Slab Ballastless Track

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Chen ◽  
Jin-jie Chen ◽  
Jian-xi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crack Width ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Tension Force ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Ballastless Track ◽  
Longitudinal Joint ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

There is a confusion in the original design concept for the tensioning of longitudinally connected reinforcement of CRTSII slab ballastless track. In order to clarify the effect of tension value of longitudinal reinforcement on mechanical characteristics of ballastless track, a three dimensional finite element model considering the nonlinear interaction between the track slab and CA mortar of CRTSII slab ballastless track was established. The mechanical characteristics of the track structure under longitudinal tension load and temperature gradient load of the longitudinal joint were calculated. A method of applying pre-stress to post-pouring concrete was proposed according to the concept of pre-stress loss of pretensioning pre-stressed concrete, reasonable tensile force value was proposed after the crack width and the reinforcement stress of the ballastless track in the operation stage were checked and calculated according to the concrete design principle. When the tension force is greater than 300 kN, it’s harmful to the bonding between the slab and mortar layer, which is prone to interlayer damage. In order to adding pre-stress to concrete of wide joints to ensure the longitudinal stability of ballastless track and the reinforcement stress and crack width to meet the design requirements. It is suggested that the tension force value should be 230 kN, and the temperature difference between reinforcement and concrete should be 30 °C before the initial curdle of wide joint concrete.

scholarly journals Influence of architectural heritage on the identity and present-day value of American-designed universities’ campuses in Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hong
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Christian College ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Spatial Experience ◽  
General Plan

Abstract In this study, through case studies of campus architectural heritage, the preservation of architectural heritage on campuses is explored. In addition, the effects of architectural heritage preservation on the identity of campuses are investigated, and the corresponding effects on present-day value and spatial experience are analysed. The case studies involve early campuses planned in East Asia by Henry Murphy, and they feature American designs and building styles. In this study, first, the characteristics of the campuses planned by Henry Murphy are analysed. Next, the characteristics of the preserved architectural heritage at Chosen Christian College are analysed. Finally, with a focus on the preservation of architectural heritage at Shanghai College, the value of architectural heritage and the spatial experience associated with campus development are analysed. Chosen Christian College focused on maintaining the authenticity of buildings, and Shanghai College attempted to consolidate the identity of the campus through maximizing the spatial experience of the architectural heritage group and preserving architectural heritage. Thus, Shanghai College was more influenced by Henry Murphy’s master plan in the development and growth of the campus, and tried to carry on the design concept of the architect and the image of the campus. Conversely, Chosen Christian College was able to retain its original design over nearly a century with the use of all-stone buildings, as Henry Murphy proposed, but no significant trace of the early general plan remains.

Design, Construction, and Performance of a 27' MORC Boat

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Problem Child ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Design Construction

This paper describes the design, construction, and performance of the 27 foot sailboat "Problem Child". The design segment includes the reasons for undertaking such a project, the thought processes that shaped the boat, and the tools used to put the ideas on paper. The construction portion describes building the strongback, laying up the hull and attaching the keel, deck hardware and mast and the launching. A description of construction materials and processes is also included. Finally, an analysis of the performance, strengths and weaknesses and lessons learned provide feedback to assess the original design concept.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS OF ORIENTED ASSEMBLIES TO PROVIDE THEIR DESCENT IN THE DIRECTIONAL WELL

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
I. I. Chudyk ◽  
A. M. Livinskyi ◽  
Achmed Al Tanakchy ◽  
A. M. Pastuch ◽  
Elnur Nuruzade
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Transverse Component ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Angle Change ◽  
Bottom Hole ◽  
Well Trajectory ◽  
The Impact

This scientific publication proposes a new method for assessing the impact of technical and technological parameters of oriented slick assemblies and assemblies with one stabilizer on their passage in the directional well. The analysis of possible cases of contact of elements of oriented assemblies with well walls is carried out. According to the results of this analysis a number of mathematical models of oriented bottom hole assemblies for calculating the power parameters of the interaction of their elements with the well walls during descent into a well with an arbitrary zenith angle are developed. Using the developed mathematical models, a study of the influence of the design parameters of the oriented assemblies on their axial passage in the wellbore to prevent of their jamming has been carried out. The calculated mathematical models of the assemblies are based on the method of differential equations of second order. The research is focused on obtaining the value of the conditional diameter of the assembly, taking into account its deformation from the effect of the transverse component of the weight. On the example of oriented slick assemblies and those with one stabilizers on the basis of the mud motor, a calculation of the value of the conditional diameter of the assembly and the diameter of the stabilizer from the condition of observing the optimal diameter of the assembly has been performed. According to the results of analytical studies on the example of slick assemblies and assemblies with one stabilizer, using the developed approach, the authors have established the following: conditions for their free passage in the wellbore along the entire range of the zenith angle change; the necessity to control the passage and axial displacement of the oriented assemblies in the performance of tripping operations; the dependency of the value of the "conditional" diameter of the oriented assembly on the position of the bent angle of the toolface to the well trajectory. In particular, in the upper position of the bent angle of the toolface, the "conditional" diameter of the assembly is smaller than in the lower position, and an increase of the zenith angle of the wellbore leads to a decrease in the "conditional" diameter of the oriented assembly due to its laying under the action of the transverse component of the weight.

Penataan Terminal Tipe B Kabupaten Sukabumi

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Wiyoga Triharto ◽  
Bambang Perkasa Alam
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Type B ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Future Needs ◽  
Terminal Design ◽  
Transportation Facilities ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Ratu harbor beach is one of the mainstay tourist sites for the Regional Government of Sukabumi Regency in bringing PAD, besides public transportation facilities and terminals have a major role in supporting the queen port as a tourist attraction so that tourists are comfortable and facilitated in accessing through public transportation. The condition of the Pelabuhan Ratu Terminal, Sukabumi Regency is currently very poor, poorly maintained, and many supporting facilities are damaged and inadequate. This study aims to identify problems and formulate the type B terminal arrangement in Sukabumi Regency. The method used is descriptive qualitative in order to get a picture of the problems of the situation and conditions currently taking place or occurring in the present and the study of policies. Collecting data by field surveys, literature studies and interviews. The results in this study get a terminal B type terminal design concept Sukabumi Regency according to current and future needs.

Finite Element Modeling for Steel Cord Analysis in Radial Tires

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yintao ◽  
Luo Yiwen ◽  
Miao Yiming ◽  
Chai Delong ◽  
Feng Xijin
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Tension Force ◽  
Center Line ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Steel Cord

ABSTRACT: This article focuses on steel cord deformation and force investigation within heavy-duty radial tires. Typical bending deformation and tension force distributions of steel reinforcement within a truck bus radial (TBR) tire have been obtained, and they provide useful input for the local scale modeling of the steel cord. The three-dimensional carpet plots of the cord force distribution within a TBR tire are presented. The carcass-bending curvature is derived from the deformation of the carcass center line. A high-efficiency modeling approach for layered multistrand cord structures has been developed that uses cord design variables such as lay angle, lay length, and radius of the strand center line as input. Several types of steel cord have been modeled using the developed method as an example. The pure tension for two cords and the combined tension bending under various loading conditions relevant to tire deformation have been simulated by a finite element analysis (FEA). Good agreement has been found between experimental and FEA-determined tension force-displacement curves, and the characteristic structural and plastic deformation phases have been revealed by the FE simulation. Furthermore, some interesting local stress and deformation patterns under combined tension and bending are found that have not been previously reported. In addition, an experimental cord force measurement approach is included in this article.

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