Blockage Remediation in Deep Water Pipelines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ca´ssio Kuchpil ◽  
Marcelo A. L. Gonc¸alves ◽  
Antoˆnio C. P. Ferreira ◽  
Roberto S. Albernaz ◽  
Cla´udio S. Camerini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
High Production ◽  
Organic Deposit ◽  
Production Losses ◽  
Exothermal Chemical

Flow assurance is an important issue in the design and operation of production systems in deep waters. The implementation of prevention and remediation methods is necessary mainly due to the low temperatures, high production pressures, long tie-ins and oils prone to organic deposit formation. Despite the development and improvement of these prevention and remediation techniques, failures or exceptional operational conditions can lead to the complete blockage of the submarine flowlines, risers or equipment. Although the complete blockage is not frequent, the related production losses generally are high; furthermore, the technical difficulties and the costs involved in the removal of blockages can be high. The steps to the remediation of subsea blockages are the localization, identification and removal methods. Due to the variety of problems, the different subsea layouts and surface facilities, it is not possible to have a general recipe for all problems. This paper presents some blockage remediation cases, including the localization and blockage remediation methods. The blockage localization methods used for the blockage removal cases described in this paper are the following: a) the echo of pressure pulses reflected at the blockage and b) a tool that detects the pipeline diameter variation with the pipeline pressure variations. The field results for these methods and the pros and cons of the methods are discussed. The remediation methods described are the following: external heating, internal intervention and exothermal chemical reaction using gravity.

Assessment of the Impact of Wax Deposition in a Pre-Salt Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Carvalho Pinheiro ◽  
Sergio Paulo Gomes Pinho
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Deposition Model ◽  
High Production ◽  
The One ◽  
Wax Deposits ◽  
Transient Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Production Losses

Abstract Despite pre-salt fields in Brazil usually having high production per well, one of the areas presents a reservoir with low permoporosity, which results in small flowrates with fluid temperatures during production below the one that is critical for wax deposition. The operations commonly used to remove the wax deposits are diesel soaking and pigging, which brings production losses and OPEX increase. Thus, the economic analysis should consider these events reducing the operational efficiency of production. To evaluate the production drop due to wax deposition, it was necessary to perform a loop test to determine the wax growth throughout time. With a multiphase simulator, it is possible to choose the deposition model and the diffusion coefficient that best fits the analyzed fluid. However, one of the limitations of this first analysis is the lack of data to determine the effect of the shear stripping, as the test is performed under a laminar flow. As this term plays an important role in wax growth, it was necessary to add to the simulation model the shear coefficient fitted from another pre-salt field. With this information, it will be possible to make a more reliable evaluation of the impact of wax deposition, increasing the confidence in the production curve, OPEX and NPV of the full field project. This paper shows the methodology that has been applied to evaluate the impact of wax deposition in pre-salt fields. It presents the deposition model, and its coefficients used to fit the multiphase transient models to a pre-salt field.

High Production Well Operating Plant in a Traditional Design: Piping & Instrumentation Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordana Luiza Barbosa da Costa Veiga ◽  
Antonio Jose Renno Chaves ◽  
Breno De Souza e Silva ◽  
Ivan Noville Rocha Correa Lima ◽  
Ilvan Porto Jr Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Potential ◽  
Great Expectation ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Production Wells ◽  
Full Production ◽  
High Production ◽  
Technical Assessment ◽  
Very High ◽  
Operating Plant

Abstract During the exploration design phase of recent pre-salt development in Santos Basin, it was identified great potential for the production of some wells, generating great expectation by how it would perform in the production phase, above the average of 30,000 bpd. The Subsea and Topside design were developed based on this expectation and therefore, diameters were limited considering the premises of 45,000 bpd production from the well to the FPSO. As a result of first oil production the expectation not only became a reality but also was largely supersede, confirming a very high production potential of up to 65,000 bpd per well, some of which are at the world top list of highest production wells for deep and ultra-deep waters. Despite the outstanding high potential of the well, full production was then, not able to be achieved due to limitations considered in the design's premises of 45,000 bpd per well, what overcome the already great expectation. In this scenario, there was intense effort to make the real production potential of the wells viable. To fit the design to the new dynamic flow conditions, a multidisciplinary technical assessment team was mobilized involving several disciplines such as: Subsea Equipment, Wells, Risers, Process, Piping, Instrumentation and Automation, in addition to Operational Safety, a non-negotiable value. After technical discussions between those different disciplines, alternative proposals were raised that could make possible a safe operation under this new challenging condition. The defined actions were implemented and currently the wells already operate on high levels of production. On the FPSO with those high production wells, due to this individual increase in the production, whose potentials exceed by 45% the design capacity, generating a significant increase in the profitability of the asset, contributing to revenues anticipation in the company's cash flow. This article presents the piping and instrumentation study to deal with a high flow velocity issue. The methodology adopted to overcome the challenges in vibration and erosion considered an unusual design approach, leading to some field test to check the effectiveness of the solution. This alternative approach allowed this increment in production rate per well piping branch.

Deepwater Pipeline Challenges

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitesh Sinha ◽  
Raj Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Additional Manufacturing ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Mitigation Design ◽  
The Government ◽  
Increasing Demand

With the ever-increasing demand of energy in the country, the Indian exploration and production is now compelled to move into deepwater frontiers. The country’s energy reserve is getting exhausted with drying shallow water assets and the mainland is already overwhelmed with the pressure of sustaining the world’s second largest population. Therefore, “the upstream oil and gas fraternity of the country” has to now enter “less explored” Indian deepwater block which has already started with the launch of the NELP block by the government. Although, the world has moved into deepwater long back, the Indian industry is still developing the ways and means to tackle the challenges involved in deep water. This paper presents the insights into design and installation of deepwater pipelines along with case study of Middle East to India Deepwater Pipeline (MEIDP) of M/s SAGE, which shall be laid at a maximum water depth of 3450 m. This paper broadly elucidates the challenges in designing the deepwater pipelines such as requirement of thick-walled line pipes to sustain collapse due to external over-pressure and tensile stresses generated due to installation forces, pipeline route selection and optimization, geo-hazard assessment & mitigation, design against fault line crossings/ seismic design, free span, repair systems, seabed intervention etc. It also covers the additional manufacturing & testing requirements including tighter tolerances for line pipes suitable for deepwater installations. It also highlights the deepwater installation capabilities of Pipe lay Barges for the laying of pipeline in the deepwater to ultra-deep waters along with new evolving testing and commissioning philosophies. This paper intends to bring awareness among the “oil and gas fraternity” regarding challenges involved in deep water pipelines with respect to design, installation etc.

Production benefits of breeding for worm resistance in Merino sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (13) ◽  
pp. 1643
Author(s):  
J. C. Greeff ◽  
L. J. E. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Associated Production ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
And Control ◽  
Production Losses

Context Production losses, due to worms and anthelmintic costs to control the infection, can affect the profitability of sheep production systems. Aims This study was carried out to quantify the production benefits of worm-resistant sheep. Methods Genetically worm-resistant and unselected control Merino rams were mated annually to 150 ewes in each of the Resistant and Control lines respectively over an 8-year period. All ewes and their progeny were managed in small replicated paddocks to prevent any cross-contamination between paddocks and groups. Fertility, growth, wool production, wool quality and worm resistance were measured on the ewes and their progeny. The data were analysed using mixed model methodology. Key results The progeny of the Resistant sires were on average 21–25% more worm resistant than the progeny of the Control sires. No significant differences were recorded in reproduction between mature ewes of the Resistant and Control lines, or in the survival rate of their lambs. Resistant line progeny were on average 1.6 kg heavier at weaning, received 15–17% less drenching during the experiment and produced on average 0.3 μm finer wool at hogget shearing than the Control line progeny. Conclusions It is concluded that the Resistant line coped better with a worm challenge and that this resulted in increased production. Implications This study shows that apart from improved worm resistance, there are associated production benefits in breeding for worm resistance.

Soil Characterisation for Installing and Operating Deep-Water Pipelines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Borges Rodriguez ◽  
Vishal Dantal ◽  
Victor Bjorn Smith ◽  
Roselyn Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Seabed Topography ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Efficient Planning ◽  
Touchdown Point

Deep-water developments rely on pipeline and riser systems to transfer hydrocarbon products to floating facilities or potentially longer tie-back pipelines to shallow water platforms/onshore facilities. Depending on the nature of the product and operational conditions, the pipeline and riser system design may need to consider a range of dynamic processes during operation such as (i) controlled lateral buckling of the pipeline in order to relieve excessive constrained axial forces induced by temperature and pressure changes in the system; (ii) the accumulation of pipeline axial displacement or ‘walking’; and (iii) evolution of the pipe-soil interaction at the riser seabed touchdown point due to the dynamic behaviour of the riser. Under these conditions, the reliable structural assessment of the pipeline system relies upon accurate assessment of the pipeline-soil interaction (PSI), from the initial lay embedment of the pipeline to the evolution of the lateral and axial response over the lifetime of the facilities. Accurate assessment of these PSI parameters requires adequate characterisation of the seabed topography, seabed processes (e.g. geohazards) and the soil properties. This paper proposes ways for efficient planning of the geophysical and geotechnical site investigation activities and subsequent soil element and physical model testing for the assessment of relevant PSI parameters in deep-water.

Cross training efficiency and flexibility with process change

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1417-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Nembhard
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Process Change ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Workplace Experience ◽  
Cross Training ◽  
Turnover Process ◽  
Production Losses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tradeoffs between efficiency and flexibility in production processes involve a cross-trained workforce. The study quantifies production losses that stem from worker learning and forgetting in a cross-training environment. Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines multiple levels of cross-training in the context of several workplace factors including absenteeism, turnover, process change frequency, and process change magnitude using discrete event simulation. The parameters of the simulation model are informed by data from a operating manufacturing system. Findings – Results suggest that productivity gains obtained from a moderate level of cross-training (e.g. two tasks) can outweigh the production losses from additional training, and that adding further cross-training beyond this may negatively affect system performance. Originality/value – Production systems exist in an environment of process change and competitive pressure. Cross-training is an often-used operational technology for managing process knowledge in an environment of change as well as providing employees with a richer work environment. While the potential benefits of enriching the workplace experience include greater motivation, less boredom and fatigue, greater task vigilance, and other effects generally regarded as beneficial, productivity losses brought about by training and retraining disruptions associated with cross-training have not been examined as widely.

Gasification of Biomass to Second Generation Biofuels: A Review

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berta Matas Gu¨ell ◽  
Judit Sandquist ◽  
Lars So̸rum
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Biomass Gasification ◽  
Heat Power ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Entrained Flow Gasifiers ◽  
Significant Attention

Biomass gasification has gained significant attention in the last couple of decades for the production of heat, power and second generation biofuels. Biomass gasification processes are highly complex due to the large number of reactions involved in the overall process as well as the high sensitivity of the process to changes in the operational conditions. This report reviews the state-of-the-art of biomass gasification by evaluating key process parameters such as gasifying agent, temperature, pressure, particle size, etc., for fluidized bed and entrained flow gasifiers. The pros and cons of each technology and the remaining bottlenecks are also addressed.

scholarly journals COMMERCIAL TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION PRACTICES AND RECENT RESEARCH IN JAPAN

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 615e-615
Author(s):  
Toyoki Kozai ◽  
Tadashi Ito
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Automated Systems ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Grafted Transplants

Commercial transplant production in Japan has been increasing rapidly since 1985. Transplant production began with plug seedlings for bedding plants, followed by carnation and Chrysanthemum plug transplants vegetatively-propagated using cuttings. Next, production more recently includes plug seedlings of lettuce and cabbage, and micropropagated tubers of potato plants and grafted transplants of tomato, eggplant, cucumber, and watermelon plants. The reasons for the rapid increase in commercial production of transplants will be reviewed. The current “cutting edge” practices include hardening before shipping or planting. The pros and cons of current transplant production systems in Japan will be discussed. Recent research advances in production of micropropagated, grafted and seedling transplants are reviewed with special reference to environmental control for hardening or acclimatization. Research on robotic or automated systems for micropropagation, grafting, and transplanting currently developed in Japan are described.

scholarly journals Chamomile Floricolous Downy Mildew Caused by Peronospora radii

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 1900-1907
Author(s):  
Bojan Duduk ◽  
Nataša Duduk ◽  
Ivana Vico ◽  
Jelena Stepanović ◽  
Tatjana Marković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Downy Mildews ◽  
New Findings ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chamomile Flowers ◽  
Production Losses

Floricolous downy mildews (Peronospora, oomycetes) are a small, monophyletic group of mostly inconspicuous plant pathogens that induce symptoms exclusively on flowers. Characterization of this group of pathogens, and information about their biology, is particularly sparse. The recurrent presence of a disease causing flower malformation which, in turn, leads to high production losses of the medicinal herb Matricaria chamomilla in Serbia has enabled continuous experiments focusing on the pathogen and its biology. Peronospora radii was identified as the causal agent of the disease, and morphologically and molecularly characterized. Diseased chamomile flowers showed severe malformations of the disc and ray florets, including phyllody and secondary inflorescence formation, followed by the onset of downy mildew. Phylogeny, based on internal transcribed spacer and cox2, indicates clustering of the Serbian P. radii with other P. radii from chamomile although, in cox2 analyses, they formed a separate subcluster. Evidence pointing to systemic infection was provided through histological and molecular analyses, with related experiments validating the impact of soilborne and blossom infections. This study provides new findings in the biology of P. radii on chamomile, thus enabling the reconstruction of this floricolous Peronospora species’ life cycle.

Application of Design of Experiments in Biofuel Production

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-103
Author(s):  
Jesús Andrés Tavizón-Pozos ◽  
Israel S. Ibarra ◽  
Alfredo Guevara-Lara ◽  
Carlos Andrés Galán-Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Surface Design ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Temperature Time

Biofuels emerge as an alternative to mitigate climate change. In this sense, four biofuels generations have been proposed to produce clean and renewable fuels. To achieve this, the development of these fuels requires an extensive and rigorous experimental work that will bring optimal results in short time periods. Hence, to accelerate the development of clean fuels, the Design of Experiments (DoE) methodologies are a useful tool to improve the operational conditions such as temperature, time, pressure, and molar ratios. Several authors have studied and optimized the different biofuel production systems using Factorial Designs and Response Surface Design methods and statistical analysis with reliable results. This chapter reviews and classifies the results obtained by these investigations and demonstrates the scopes and limitations of the application of DoE.

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